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Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,19]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    The coordination of swallowing with breathing, in particular inspiration, is essential for homeostasis in most organisms. While much has been learned about the neuronal network critical for inspiration in mammals, the pre\u2013B\u00f6tzinger complex (preB\u00f6tC), little is known about how this network interacts with swallowing. Here we activate within the preB\u00f6tC excitatory neurons (defined as\n                    <jats:italic>Vglut2<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Sst<\/jats:italic>\n                    neurons) and inhibitory neurons (defined as\n                    <jats:italic>Vgat<\/jats:italic>\n                    neurons) and inhibit and activate neurons defined by the transcription factor\n                    <jats:italic>Dbx1<\/jats:italic>\n                    to gain an understanding of the coordination between the preB\u00f6tC and swallow behavior. We found that stimulating inhibitory preB\u00f6tC neurons did not mimic the premature shutdown of inspiratory activity caused by water swallows, suggesting that swallow-induced suppression of inspiratory activity is not directly mediated by the inhibitory neurons in the preB\u00f6tC. By contrast, stimulation of preB\u00f6tC\n                    <jats:italic>Dbx1<\/jats:italic>\n                    neurons delayed laryngeal closure of the swallow sequence. Inhibition of\n                    <jats:italic>Dbx1<\/jats:italic>\n                    neurons increased laryngeal closure duration and stimulation of\n                    <jats:italic>Sst<\/jats:italic>\n                    neurons pushed swallow occurrence to later in the respiratory cycle, suggesting that excitatory neurons from the preB\u00f6tC connect to the laryngeal motoneurons and contribute to the timing of swallowing. Interestingly, the delayed swallow sequence was also caused by chronic intermittent hypoxia (CIH), a model for sleep apnea, which is 1) known to destabilize inspiratory activity and 2) associated with dysphagia. This delay was not present when inhibiting Dbx1 neurons. We propose that a stable preB\u00f6tC is essential for normal swallow pattern generation and disruption may contribute to the dysphagia seen in obstructive sleep apnea.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2121095119","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,14]],"date-time":"2022-07-14T14:34:36Z","timestamp":1657809276000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":48,"title":["Optogenetic stimulation of pre\u2013B\u00f6tzinger complex reveals novel circuit interactions in swallowing\u2013breathing coordination"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"119","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2817-251X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alyssa","family":"Huff","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children\u2019s Research Institute, Seattle, WA 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