{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T04:47:34Z","timestamp":1787806054407,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,2]],"date-time":"2022-06-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1654128000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1616878"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1616878"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000270","name":"Natural Environmental Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["NE\/K009516\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NE\/K009516\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000270","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Significance<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Sex determination systems such as haplodiploidy, in which males' gene transmission is haploid, are surprisingly common, however, the evolutionary paths to these systems are poorly understood. X chromosomes may play a particularly important role, either by increasing survival of males with only maternal genomes, or due to conflicts between X-chromosomal and autosomal genes. We studied X-chromosome gene richness in three arthropod lineages in which males are diploid as adults but only transmit their maternally inherited haploid genome. We find that species with such atypical systems have far more X-chromosomal genes than related diploid species. These results suggest that conflict between genetic elements within the genome drives the evolution of unusual sex determination systems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2122580119","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,2]],"date-time":"2022-06-02T14:33:47Z","timestamp":1654180427000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Gene-rich X chromosomes implicate intragenomic conflict in the evolution of bizarre genetic systems"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"119","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3127-9927","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Noelle","family":"Anderson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Merced, CA 95343"},{"name":"Quantitative and Systems Biology Graduate Group, University of California, Merced, CA 95343"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kamil S.","family":"Jaron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Evolutionary Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3FL, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5400-6107","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christina N.","family":"Hodson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Evolutionary Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3FL, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew B.","family":"Couger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Thoracic Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7174-593X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jan","family":"\u0160ev\u010d\u00edk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brooke","family":"Weinstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Merced, CA 95343"},{"name":"Quantitative and Systems Biology Graduate Group, University of California, Merced, CA 95343"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stacy","family":"Pirro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Iridian Genomes, Inc., Bethesda, MD 20817"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Ross","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Evolutionary Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3FL, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7354-6459","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Scott William","family":"Roy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Merced, CA 95343"},{"name":"Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA 94132"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sdata.2014.15"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/49.5.797"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.156.3774.477"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0040-5809(70)90033-X"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/hdy.1979.88"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_2","first-page":"631","article-title":"Perspective: Maternal kin groups and the origins of asymmetric genetic systems-genomic imprinting, haplodiploidy, and parthenogenesis","volume":"60","author":"Normark B. B.","year":"2006","unstructured":"B. B. Normark, Perspective: Maternal kin groups and the origins of asymmetric genetic systems-genomic imprinting, haplodiploidy, and parthenogenesis. Evolution 60, 631\u2013642 (2006).","journal-title":"Evolution"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ele.12383"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/evo.12792"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_2","first-page":"176","article-title":"Deleterious mutations and the evolution of male haploidy","volume":"144","author":"Goldstein D. B.","year":"1994","unstructured":"D. B. Goldstein, Deleterious mutations and the evolution of male haploidy. Am. Soc. Nat. 144, 176\u2013183 (1994).","journal-title":"Am. Soc. Nat."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0014-3820.2004.tb00412.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1420-9101.1993.6020249.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ecolsys.29.1.233"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2013.0364"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4159\/9780674029118"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tig.2020.04.008"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a017715"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1420-9101.1993.6010069.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-185X.2010.00127.x","article-title":"Genomic conflict in scale insects: The causes and consequences of bizarre genetic systems","volume":"85","author":"Ross L.","year":"2010","unstructured":"L. Ross, I. Pen, D. M. Shuker, Genomic conflict in scale insects: The causes and consequences of bizarre genetic systems. Biol. Rev. Camb. Philos. Soc. 85, 807\u2013828 (2010).","journal-title":"Biol. Rev. Camb. Philos. Soc."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/280803"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_20_2","volume-title":"Cytological Studies on Gall Midges (Cecidomyidae)","author":"White M. J. D.","year":"1950","unstructured":"M. J. D. White, Cytological Studies on Gall Midges (Cecidomyidae) (The University of Texas, 1950)."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jhered\/91.5.351"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-05677-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2015.0333"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/insects13010019"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/280803"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"K. S. Jaron C. N. Hodson J. Ellers S. J. E. Baird L. Ross Genomic evidence of paternal genome elimination in globular springtails. bioRxiv [Preprint] (2021) 2021.11.12.468426 (Accessed 3 April 2022).","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.11.12.468426"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aesa\/62.5.1095"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.jhered.a110490"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.jhered.a110491"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1521-1878(200103)23:3<242::AID-BIES1034>3.0.CO;2-P"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_31_2","first-page":"185","volume-title":"The New Systematics","author":"Muller H.","year":"1940","unstructured":"H. Muller, \u201cBearings of the \u2018Drosophila\u2019 work on systematics\u201d in The New Systematics, J. Huxley, Ed. (Clarendon Press, 1940), pp. 185\u2013268."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/evo.12831"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.1002078"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_34_2","unstructured":"S. Richards J. J. Stuart BCM-HGSC Hessian Fly Genome Project. Baylor Coll. Med. Hum. Genome Seq. Cent. https:\/\/www.hgsc.bcm.edu\/arthropods\/hessian-fly-genome-project. (Accessed 21 June 2018)."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2164-10-293"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-43550-2_9"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/sysbio\/syp074"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12915-019-0721-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1534\/genetics.107.086074"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12235"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.26508\/lsa.202000996"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1077061"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymeth.2016.02.020"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/cmb.2012.0021"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.12232.1"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-9173-0_5"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_47_2","volume-title":"BUSCO: Assessing Genome Assembly and Annotation Completeness with Single-Copy Orthologs","author":"Sim\u00e3o F. A.","year":"2015","unstructured":"F. A. Sim\u00e3o, R. M. Waterhouse, P. Ioannidis, E. V. Kriventseva, E. M. Zdobnov, BUSCO: Assessing Genome Assembly and Annotation Completeness with Single-Copy Orthologs (Bioinforma, 2015)."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-6371-3_1"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1420-9101.2009.01915.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/sysbio\/syu005"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.2563"}],"container-title":["Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1073\/pnas.2122580119","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,22]],"date-time":"2023-11-22T10:59:20Z","timestamp":1700650760000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/full\/10.1073\/pnas.2122580119"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,2]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"23","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1073\/pnas.2122580119"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.2122580119","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/2020.10.04.325340","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["0027-8424","1091-6490"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0027-8424","type":"print"},{"value":"1091-6490","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2022-02-03","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-04-08","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-06-02","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e2122580119"}}