{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,18]],"date-time":"2026-07-18T05:00:49Z","timestamp":1784350849228,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"32","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,1]],"date-time":"2022-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1659312000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001711","name":"Swiss National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["#31003A_135470"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#31003A_135470"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001711","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Fossils and artifacts from Herto, Ethiopia, include the most complete child and adult crania of early\n                    <jats:italic>Homo sapiens<\/jats:italic>\n                    . The endocranial cavities of the Herto individuals show that by 160,000 y ago, brain size, inferred from endocranial size, was similar to that seen in modern human populations. However, endocranial shape differed from ours. This gave rise to the hypothesis that the brain itself evolved substantially during the past \u223c200,000 y, possibly in tandem with the transition from Middle to Upper Paleolithic techno-cultures. However, it remains unclear whether evolutionary changes in endocranial shape mostly reflect changes in brain morphology rather than changes related to interaction with maxillofacial morphology. To discriminate between these effects, we make use of the ontogenetic fact that brain growth nearly ceases by the time the first permanent molars fully erupt, but the face and cranial base continue to grow until adulthood. Here we use morphometric data derived from digitally restored immature and adult\n                    <jats:italic>H. sapiens<\/jats:italic>\n                    fossils from Herto, Qafzeh, and Skhul (HQS) to track endocranial development in early\n                    <jats:italic>H. sapiens<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Until the completion of brain growth, endocasts of HQS children were similar in shape to those of modern human children. The similarly shaped endocasts of fossil and modern children indicate that our brains did not evolve substantially over the past 200,000 y. Differences between the endocranial shapes of modern and fossil\n                    <jats:italic>H. sapiens<\/jats:italic>\n                    adults developed only with continuing facial and basicranial growth, possibly reflecting substantial differences in masticatory and\/or respiratory function.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2123553119","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,1]],"date-time":"2022-08-01T15:22:29Z","timestamp":1659367349000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Endocranial ontogeny and evolution in early\n                    <i>Homo sapiens<\/i>\n                    : The evidence from Herto, Ethiopia"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"119","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2523-3700","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christoph P. E.","family":"Zollikofer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology, University of Zurich, Zurich 8057, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thibault","family":"Bienvenu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology, University of Zurich, Zurich 8057, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yonas","family":"Beyene","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"French Center for Ethiopian Studies (CFEE), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gen","family":"Suwa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Museum, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Berhane","family":"Asfaw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rift Valley Research Service, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1266-7489","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tim D.","family":"White","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Human Evolution Research Center, The University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720"},{"name":"Centro Nacional de Investigaci\u00f3n sobre la Evoluci\u00f3n Humana (CENIEH), Burgos 09002, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Integrative Biology, The University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcia S.","family":"Ponce de Le\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Informatics, University of Zurich, Zurich 8050, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2011.0099"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-29678-2_3152"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-53860-4.00012-X"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaz0032"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.022440799"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2536671100"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/joa.12531"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aao5961"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0803917105"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2016.06.022"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2010.10.018"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/joa.13318"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.24736"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature01669"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_15_2","first-page":"43","article-title":"Evolutionary insights into global patterns of human cranial diversity: Population history, climatic and dietary effects","volume":"92","author":"von Cramon-Taubadel N.","year":"2014","unstructured":"N. von Cramon-Taubadel, Evolutionary insights into global patterns of human cranial diversity: Population history, climatic and dietary effects. J. Anthropol. Sci. 92, 43\u201377 (2014).","journal-title":"J. Anthropol. Sci."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature01670"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_17_2","first-page":"73","volume-title":"Modern Human Origins and Dispersal","author":"Sahle Y.","year":"2019","unstructured":"Y. Sahle , \u201cRevisiting Herto: New evidence of Homo sapiens from Ethiopia\u201d inModern Human Origins and Dispersal, Y. Sahle, H. Reyes-Centeno, C. Bentz, Eds. (Kerns Verlag, Tuebingen, 2019), pp. 73\u2013104."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_18_2","first-page":"105","volume-title":"Modern Human Origins and Dispersal","author":"Sahle Y.","year":"2019","unstructured":"Y. Sahle , \u201cHuman emergence: Perspectives from Herto, Afar Rift, Ethiopia\u201d in Modern Human Origins and Dispersal, Y. Sahle, H. Reyes-Centeno, C. Bentz, Eds. (Kerns Verlag, Tuebingen, 2019), pp. 105\u2013136."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2006.06.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/35087573"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2011.11.013"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajp.20012"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-anthro-092412-155550"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature22336"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0054-11.2011"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/evo.14163"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2012.08.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2004.03.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.21134"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2020.00783"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/evan.21799"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330460316"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2699.2010.02392.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2014.11.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1702586114"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.22359","article-title":"Cranial airways and the integration between the inner and outer facial skeleton in humans","volume":"152","author":"Bastir M.","year":"2013","unstructured":"M. Bastir, A. Rosas, Cranial airways and the integration between the inner and outer facial skeleton in humans. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 152, 287\u2013293 (2013).","journal-title":"Am. J. Phys. Anthropol."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_37_2","article-title":"Ontogenetic variation in human nasal morphology","author":"Butaric L. N.","year":"2021","unstructured":"L. N. Butaric, C. L. Nicholas, K. Kravchuk, S. D. Maddux, Ontogenetic variation in human nasal morphology. Anat. Rec. (Hoboken) 10.1002\/ar.24760. (2021).","journal-title":"Anat. Rec. (Hoboken)"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_38_2","volume-title":"Virtual Reconstruction: A Primer in Computer-Assisted Paleontology and Biomedicine","author":"Zollikofer C. P. E.","year":"2005","unstructured":"C. P. E. Zollikofer, M. S. Ponce de Le\u00f3n, Virtual Reconstruction: A Primer in Computer-Assisted Paleontology and Biomedicine (Wiley, New York, 2005)."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/2041-210X.12035"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_40_2","unstructured":"S. Schlager Morpho: Calculations and visualisations related to Geometric Morphometrics. https:\/\/sourceforge.net\/projects\/morpho-rpackage. Accessed 30 June 2022."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11692-019-09484-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/2041-210X.13029"}],"container-title":["Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1073\/pnas.2123553119","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,25]],"date-time":"2023-11-25T01:34:05Z","timestamp":1700876045000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/full\/10.1073\/pnas.2123553119"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,8]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"32","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1073\/pnas.2123553119"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.2123553119","relation":{},"ISSN":["0027-8424","1091-6490"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0027-8424","type":"print"},{"value":"1091-6490","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2021-12-31","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-06-05","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-08-01","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e2123553119"}}