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U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,21]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    In the context of the rapid increase of antibiotic-resistant infections, in particular of pneumonia, antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT), the microbiological application of photodynamic therapy (PDT), comes in as a promising treatment alternative since the induced damage and resultant death are not dependent on a specific biomolecule or cellular pathway. The applicability of aPDT using the photosensitizer indocyanine green with infrared light has been successfully demonstrated for different bacterial agents in\u00a0vitro, and the combination of pulmonary delivery using nebulization and external light activation has been shown to be feasible. However, there has been little progress in obtaining sufficient in\u00a0vivo efficacy results. This study reports the lung surfactant as a significant suppressor of aPDT in the lungs. In vitro, the clinical surfactant Survanta\u00ae reduced the aPDT effect of indocyanine green, Photodithazine\u00ae, bacteriochlorin-trizma, and protoporphyrin IX against\n                    <jats:italic>Streptococcus pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                    . The absorbance and fluorescence spectra, as well as the photobleaching profile, suggested that the decrease in efficacy is not a result of singlet oxygen quenching, while a molecular dynamics simulation showed an affinity for the polar head groups of the surfactant phospholipids that likely impacts uptake of the photosensitizers by the bacteria. Methylene blue is the exception, likely because its high water solubility confers a higher mobility when interacting with the surfactant layer. We propose that the interaction between lung surfactant and photosensitizer must be taken into account when developing pulmonary aPDT protocols.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2123564119","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,13]],"date-time":"2022-06-13T15:14:11Z","timestamp":1655133251000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Lung surfactant negatively affects the photodynamic inactivation of bacteria\u2014in\u00a0vitro and molecular dynamic simulation analyses"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"119","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9055-7763","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giulia","family":"Kassab","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"S\u00e3o Carlos Institute of Physics, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Carlos, S\u00e3o Paulo 13566-590, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johan Sebastian","family":"Diaz Tovar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"S\u00e3o Carlos Institute of Physics, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Carlos, S\u00e3o Paulo 13566-590, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucas Miguel Pereira","family":"Souza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 22453-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rayla Kelly Magalh\u00e3es","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 22453-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rudielson Santos","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 22453-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andr\u00e9 Silva","family":"Pimentel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 22453-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7175-5337","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristina","family":"Kurachi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"S\u00e3o Carlos Institute of Physics, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Carlos, S\u00e3o Paulo 13566-590, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4833-239X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vanderlei Salvador","family":"Bagnato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"S\u00e3o Carlos Institute of Physics, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Carlos, S\u00e3o Paulo 13566-590, Brazil"},{"name":"Hagler Institute for Advanced Studies, Texas A&amp;M University, College Station, TX 77843"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(18)30310-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.semdp.2019.04.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10103-006-0409-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drup.2017.07.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(16)30268-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2009.10.008"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M. 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