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However, the mechanism by which the immune response regulates acid secretion is not known. We show here that treatment with IFN-\u03b3, a Th1 cytokine, was sufficient to induce gastritis, increase gastrin, and decrease SOM levels within 7 days. In contrast, the T helper 2 lymphocyte cytokine IL-4 increased SOM levels and effectively suppressed gastrin expression and secretion. This result demonstrated reciprocal regulation of acid regulatory peptides by immune modulators. IL-4 pretreatment prevented gastritis in infected wild-type but not in SOM null mice. Thus, the ability of IL-4 to oppose a Th1-mediated infection required SOM. Immunofluorescence was used to document the presence of IL-4 receptors on the gastric SOM-secreting cell (D cell). Moreover, IL-4 stimulated SOM release from primary D cell cultures. Treatment of mice chronically infected with\n                    <jats:italic>Helicobacter felis<\/jats:italic>\n                    for 2 mo with the SOM analogue octreotide resolved the inflammation. Thus, a mechanism by which IL-4 resolves inflammation in the stomach is by stimulating the release of SOM from gastric D cells.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2135193100","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,10,29]],"date-time":"2003-10-29T01:26:18Z","timestamp":1067390778000},"page":"12944-12949","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":83,"title":["Treatment of\n                    <i>Helicobacter<\/i>\n                    gastritis with IL-4 requires somatostatin"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"100","author":[{"given":"Yana","family":"Zavros","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Internal Medicine and Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242; and Vollum Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239-3098"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sivaprakash","family":"Rathinavelu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Internal Medicine and Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242; and Vollum Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239-3098"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John Y.","family":"Kao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Internal Medicine and Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242; and Vollum Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239-3098"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Todisco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Internal Medicine and Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242; and Vollum Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239-3098"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Del Valle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Internal Medicine and Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242; and Vollum Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239-3098"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joel V.","family":"Weinstock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Internal Medicine and Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242; and Vollum Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239-3098"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Malcolm J.","family":"Low","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Internal Medicine and Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242; and Vollum Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239-3098"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juanita L.","family":"Merchant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Internal Medicine and Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242; and Vollum Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239-3098"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2003,10,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI117336"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","first-page":"142","volume":"8","year":"1997","unstructured":"McColl, K. 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