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Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,27]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Saturn\u2019s moon Enceladus has a potentially habitable subsurface water ocean that contains canonical building blocks of life (organic and inorganic carbon, ammonia, possibly hydrogen sulfide) and chemical energy (disequilibria for methanogenesis). However, its habitability could be strongly affected by the unknown availability of phosphorus (P). Here, we perform thermodynamic and kinetic modeling that simulates P geochemistry based on recent insights into the geochemistry of the ocean\u2013seafloor system on Enceladus. We find that aqueous P should predominantly exist as orthophosphate (e.g., HPO\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    <jats:sup>2\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                    ), and total dissolved inorganic P could reach 10\n                    <jats:sup>\u22127<\/jats:sup>\n                    to 10\n                    <jats:sup>\u22122<\/jats:sup>\n                    mol\/kg H\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    O, generally increasing with lower pH and higher dissolved CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    , but also depending upon dissolved ammonia and silica. Levels are much higher than &lt;10\n                    <jats:sup>\u221210<\/jats:sup>\n                    mol\/kg H\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    O from previous estimates and close to or higher than \u223c10\n                    <jats:sup>\u22126<\/jats:sup>\n                    mol\/kg H\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    O in modern Earth seawater. The high P concentration is primarily ascribed to a high (bi)carbonate concentration, which decreases the concentrations of multivalent cations via carbonate mineral formation, allowing phosphate to accumulate. Kinetic modeling of phosphate mineral dissolution suggests that geologically rapid release of P from seafloor weathering of a chondritic rocky core could supply millimoles of total dissolved P per kilogram of H\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    O within 10\n                    <jats:sup>5<\/jats:sup>\n                    y, much less than the likely age of Enceladus\u2019s ocean (10\n                    <jats:sup>8<\/jats:sup>\n                    to 10\n                    <jats:sup>9<\/jats:sup>\n                    y). These results provide further evidence of habitable ocean conditions and show that any oceanic life would not be inhibited by low P availability.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2201388119","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,19]],"date-time":"2022-09-19T15:16:45Z","timestamp":1663600605000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":57,"title":["Abundant phosphorus expected for possible life in Enceladus\u2019s ocean"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"119","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3657-050X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jihua","family":"Hao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Crust-Mantle Materials and Environments, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China"},{"name":"Deep Space Exploration Laboratory\/School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China"},{"name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences Center for Excellence in Comparative Planetology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China"},{"name":"Department of Marine and Coastal Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2161-4672","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christopher R.","family":"Glein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Space Science and Engineering Division, Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78238"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6017-442X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fang","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CSIRO Mineral Resources, Kensington, WA 6151, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nathan","family":"Yee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5646-120X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David C.","family":"Catling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5862-4276","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Frank","family":"Postberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Geological Sciences, Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin, D-12249 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3657-1388","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jon K.","family":"Hillier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Geological Sciences, Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin, D-12249 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4163-8644","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert M.","family":"Hazen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Earth and Planets Laboratory, Carnegie Institution for Science, Washington, DC 20015"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1123013"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1121254"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/ast.2015.1295"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aai8703"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2021JE006951"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41550-021-01372-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-018-0246-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/mnras\/stz2280"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature08153"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_10_2","volume-title":"Enceladus and the the Icy Moons of Saturn","author":"Postberg F.","year":"2018","unstructured":"F. 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