{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T02:55:50Z","timestamp":1791341750078,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"23","content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2000,11,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Medieval Black Death is believed to have killed up to one-third of\n the Western European population during the 14th century. It was\n identified as plague at this time, but recently the causative organism\n was debated because no definitive evidence has been obtained to confirm\n the role of\n                    <jats:italic>Yersinia pestis<\/jats:italic>\n                    as the agent of plague. We\n obtained the teeth of a child and two adults from a 14th century grave\n in France, disrupted them to obtain the pulp, and applied the new\n \u201csuicide PCR\u201d protocol in which the primers are used only once.\n There were no positive controls: Neither\n                    <jats:italic>Yersinia<\/jats:italic>\n                    nor\n                    <jats:italic>Yersinia<\/jats:italic>\n                    DNA were introduced in the laboratory. A\n negative result is followed by a new test using other primers; a\n positive result is followed by sequencing. The second and third primer\n pair used, coding for a part of the\n                    <jats:italic>pla<\/jats:italic>\n                    gene, generated\n amplicons whose sequence confirmed that it was\n                    <jats:italic>Y. pestis<\/jats:italic>\n                    in 1 tooth from the child and 19\/19 teeth from the adults. Negative\n controls were negative. Attempts to detect the putative alternative\n etiologic agents\n                    <jats:italic>Bacillus anthracis<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Rickettsia prowazekii<\/jats:italic>\n                    failed. Suicide PCR avoids any\n risk of contamination as it uses a single-shot primer\u2014its specificity\n is absolute. We believe that we can end the controversy: Medieval Black\n Death was plague.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.220225197","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,26]],"date-time":"2002-07-26T10:45:09Z","timestamp":1027680309000},"page":"12800-12803","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":275,"title":["Molecular identification by \u201csuicide PCR\u201d of\n                    <i>Yersinia pestis<\/i>\n                    as the agent of Medieval Black Death"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"97","author":[{"given":"Didier","family":"Raoult","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unit\u00e9 Propre de\r Recherche de l'Enseignement Superieur (UPRES)-A 6020, Facult\u00e9 de\r M\u00e9decine, Universit\u00e9 de la M\u00e9diterran\u00e9e, 13385\r Marseille, France; Unit\u00e9 Mixte de Recherche 150 du\r Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Universit\u00e9 Paul\r Sabatier, 31000 Toulouse, France; and Unit\u00e9 Mixte\r de Recherche 150 du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique,\r Universit\u00e9 Louis Pasteur, 67037 Strasbourg, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G\u00e9rard","family":"Aboudharam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unit\u00e9 Propre de\r Recherche de l'Enseignement Superieur (UPRES)-A 6020, Facult\u00e9 de\r M\u00e9decine, Universit\u00e9 de la M\u00e9diterran\u00e9e, 13385\r Marseille, France; Unit\u00e9 Mixte de Recherche 150 du\r Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Universit\u00e9 Paul\r Sabatier, 31000 Toulouse, France; and Unit\u00e9 Mixte\r de Recherche 150 du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique,\r Universit\u00e9 Louis Pasteur, 67037 Strasbourg, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric","family":"Crub\u00e9zy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unit\u00e9 Propre de\r Recherche de l'Enseignement Superieur (UPRES)-A 6020, Facult\u00e9 de\r M\u00e9decine, Universit\u00e9 de la M\u00e9diterran\u00e9e, 13385\r Marseille, France; Unit\u00e9 Mixte de Recherche 150 du\r Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Universit\u00e9 Paul\r Sabatier, 31000 Toulouse, France; and Unit\u00e9 Mixte\r de Recherche 150 du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique,\r Universit\u00e9 Louis Pasteur, 67037 Strasbourg, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Georges","family":"Larrouy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unit\u00e9 Propre de\r Recherche de l'Enseignement Superieur (UPRES)-A 6020, Facult\u00e9 de\r M\u00e9decine, Universit\u00e9 de la M\u00e9diterran\u00e9e, 13385\r Marseille, France; Unit\u00e9 Mixte de Recherche 150 du\r Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Universit\u00e9 Paul\r Sabatier, 31000 Toulouse, France; and Unit\u00e9 Mixte\r de Recherche 150 du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique,\r Universit\u00e9 Louis Pasteur, 67037 Strasbourg, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bertrand","family":"Ludes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unit\u00e9 Propre de\r Recherche de l'Enseignement Superieur (UPRES)-A 6020, Facult\u00e9 de\r M\u00e9decine, Universit\u00e9 de la M\u00e9diterran\u00e9e, 13385\r Marseille, France; Unit\u00e9 Mixte de Recherche 150 du\r Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Universit\u00e9 Paul\r Sabatier, 31000 Toulouse, France; and Unit\u00e9 Mixte\r de Recherche 150 du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique,\r Universit\u00e9 Louis Pasteur, 67037 Strasbourg, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michel","family":"Drancourt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unit\u00e9 Propre de\r Recherche de l'Enseignement Superieur (UPRES)-A 6020, Facult\u00e9 de\r M\u00e9decine, Universit\u00e9 de la M\u00e9diterran\u00e9e, 13385\r Marseille, France; Unit\u00e9 Mixte de Recherche 150 du\r Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Universit\u00e9 Paul\r Sabatier, 31000 Toulouse, France; and Unit\u00e9 Mixte\r de Recherche 150 du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique,\r Universit\u00e9 Louis Pasteur, 67037 Strasbourg, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2000,10,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_2","volume-title":"The Black Death","author":"Ziegler P","year":"1991","unstructured":"P Ziegler The Black Death (Alan Sutton Publishing Inc., Wolfeboro Falls, NH, 1991)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","first-page":"179","volume":"19","author":"Derbes V J","year":"1966","unstructured":"V J Derbes J Am Med Assoc 19, 179\u2013182 (1966).","journal-title":"J Am Med Assoc"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.10.1.35","volume":"10","author":"Perry R D","year":"1997","unstructured":"R D Perry, J D Fetherston Clin Microbiol Rev 10, 35\u201366 (1997).","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","first-page":"428","volume":"8","author":"Yersin A","year":"1894","unstructured":"A Yersin Ann Inst Pasteur 8, 428\u2013430 (1894).","journal-title":"Ann Inst Pasteur"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(89)90247-2","volume":"83","author":"Slack P","year":"1989","unstructured":"P Slack Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 83, 461\u2013463 (1989).","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","volume-title":"The Black Death. 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