{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T04:46:09Z","timestamp":1792557969560,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"30","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,11]],"date-time":"2022-07-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1657497600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DEB-1951002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DEB-1951002"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DEB-1950963"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DEB-1950963"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41877415"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41877415"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,26]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Considerable attention is given to absolute nutrient levels in lakes, rivers, and oceans, but less is paid to their relative concentrations, their nitrogen:phosphorus (N:P) stoichiometry, and the consequences of imbalanced stoichiometry. Here, we report 38 y of nutrient dynamics in Flathead Lake, a large oligotrophic lake in Montana, and its inflows. While nutrient levels were low, the lake had sustained high total N: total P ratios (TN:TP: 60 to 90:1 molar) throughout the observation period. N and P loading to the lake as well as loading N:P ratios varied considerably among years but showed no systematic long-term trend. Surprisingly, TN:TP ratios in river inflows were consistently lower than in the lake, suggesting that forms of P in riverine loading are removed preferentially to N. In-lake processes, such as differential sedimentation of P relative to N or accumulation of fixed N in excess of denitrification, likely also operate to maintain the lake\u2019s high TN:TP ratios. Regardless of causes, the lake\u2019s stoichiometric imbalance is manifested in P limitation of phytoplankton growth during early and midsummer, resulting in high C:P and N:P ratios in suspended particulate matter that propagate P limitation to zooplankton. Finally, the lake\u2019s imbalanced N:P stoichiometry appears to raise the potential for aerobic methane production via metabolism of phosphonate compounds by P-limited microbes. These data highlight the importance of not only absolute N and P levels in aquatic ecosystems, but also their stoichiometric balance, and they call attention to potential management implications of high N:P ratios.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2202268119","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,11]],"date-time":"2022-07-11T15:16:46Z","timestamp":1657552606000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":51,"title":["Sustained stoichiometric imbalance and its ecological consequences in a large oligotrophic lake"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"119","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1460-2155","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"James J.","family":"Elser","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Flathead Lake Biological Station and Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Polson, MT 59860"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shawn P.","family":"Devlin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Flathead Lake Biological Station and Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Polson, MT 59860"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinlei","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adam","family":"Baumann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Flathead Lake Biological Station and Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Polson, MT 59860"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6166-8579","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matthew J.","family":"Church","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Flathead Lake Biological Station and Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Polson, MT 59860"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5261-427X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John E.","family":"Dore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Land Resources and Environmental Sciences, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0763-5346","authenticated-orcid":false,"suffix":"Jr.","given":"Robert O.","family":"Hall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Flathead Lake Biological Station and Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Polson, MT 59860"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melody","family":"Hollar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecosystem and Conservation Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tyler","family":"Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Integrative Biology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Trista","family":"Vick-Majors","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Flathead Lake Biological Station and Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Polson, MT 59860"},{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Great Lakes Research Center, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cassidy","family":"White","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology program, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.290.5490.291"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2013.0116"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.195.4275.260"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1156401"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hal.2008.08.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abl4827"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lol2.10080"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_2","volume-title":"Ecological Stoichiometry: The Biology of Elements from Molecules to the Biosphere","author":"Sterner R. 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Deposited 17 June 2022."}],"container-title":["Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1073\/pnas.2202268119","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,11]],"date-time":"2022-07-11T15:16:54Z","timestamp":1657552614000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/full\/10.1073\/pnas.2202268119"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,11]]},"references-count":60,"journal-issue":{"issue":"30","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,26]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1073\/pnas.2202268119"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.2202268119","relation":{},"ISSN":["0027-8424","1091-6490"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0027-8424","type":"print"},{"value":"1091-6490","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2022-02-13","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-06-02","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-07-11","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e2202268119"}}