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Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>When volcanic eruptions involve interaction with external water (hydrovolcanism), the result is an ash-rich and energetic volcanic plume, as illustrated dramatically by the January 2022 Tonga eruption. The origin of the high explosive energy of these events remains an important question. We investigate this question by studying Prince Rupert\u2019s Drops (PRDs)\u2014tadpole-shaped glass beads formed by dripping molten glass into water\u2014which have long fascinated materials scientists because the great strength of the head contrasts with the explosivity of the metastable interior when the tail is broken. We show that the fragment size distribution (FSD) produced by explosive fragmentation changes systematically with PRD fragmentation in air, water, and syrup. Most FSDs are fractal over much of the size range, scaling that can be explained by the repeated fracture bifurcation observed in three-dimensional images from microcomputed tomography. The shapes of constituent fragments are determined by their position within the original PRD, with platey fragments formed from the outer (compressive) shell and blocky fragments formed by fractures perpendicular to interior voids. When molten drops fail to form PRDs, the glass disintegrates by quench granulation, a process that produces fractal FSDs but with a larger median size than explosively generated fragments. Critically, adding bubbles to the molten glass prevents PRD formation and promotes quench granulation, suggesting that granulation is modulated by heterogeneous stress fields formed around the bubbles during sudden cooling and contraction. Together, these observations provide insight into glass fragmentation and potentially, processes operating during hydrovolcanism.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2202856119","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,21]],"date-time":"2022-07-21T13:48:05Z","timestamp":1658411285000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Prince Rupert\u2019s Drops: An analysis of fragmentation by thermal stresses and quench granulation of glass and bubbly glass"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"119","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9312-8377","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katharine V.","family":"Cashman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth Science, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97405"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emma J.","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Earth Sciences, University College London, London WC1E 6BS, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alison C.","family":"Rust","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 4YA, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsnr.1986.0001"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1179\/amb.2001.48.3.125"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7761\/JEMS.2.1.105"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0924-0136(92)90292-Z"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1744-7402.2009.02355.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/245032a0"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/245307a0"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01081754"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevE.57.5726"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2001JB000511"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_11_2","article-title":"Using the characteristics of rootless cone deposits to estimate the energetics of explosive lava\u2013water interactions","volume":"82","author":"Fitch E. 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