{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]],"date-time":"2026-09-19T14:39:26Z","timestamp":1789828766828,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"36","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,29]],"date-time":"2022-08-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1661731200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2046933"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2046933"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    The sulfate anion radical (SO\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    <jats:sup>\u2022\u2013<\/jats:sup>\n                    ) is known to be formed in the autoxidation chain of sulfur dioxide and from minor reactions when sulfate or bisulfate ions are activated by OH radicals, NO\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    radicals, or iron. Here, we report a source of SO\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    <jats:sup>\u2022\u2013<\/jats:sup>\n                    , from the irradiation of the liquid water of sulfate-containing organic aerosol particles under natural sunlight and laboratory UV radiation. Irradiation of aqueous sulfate mixed with a variety of atmospherically relevant organic compounds degrades the organics well within the typical lifetime of aerosols in the atmosphere. Products of the SO\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    <jats:sup>\u2022\u2013<\/jats:sup>\n                    + organic reaction include surface-active organosulfates and small organic acids, alongside other products. Scavenging and deoxygenated experiments indicate that SO\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    <jats:sup>\u2022\u2013<\/jats:sup>\n                    radicals, instead of OH, drive the reaction. Ion substitution experiments confirm that sulfate ions are necessary for organic reactivity, while the cation identity is of low importance. The reaction proceeds at pH 1\u20136, implicating both bisulfate and sulfate in the formation of photoinduced SO\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    <jats:sup>\u2022\u2013<\/jats:sup>\n                    . Certain aromatic species may further accelerate the reaction through synergy. This reaction may impact our understanding of atmospheric sulfur reactions, aerosol properties, and organic aerosol lifetimes when inserted into aqueous chemistry model mechanisms.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2202857119","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,29]],"date-time":"2022-08-29T15:13:40Z","timestamp":1661786020000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Sulfur radical formation from the tropospheric irradiation of aqueous sulfate aerosols"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"119","author":[{"given":"James D.","family":"Cope","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7544-9580","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kelvin H.","family":"Bates","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616"},{"name":"Center for the Environment, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lillian N.","family":"Tran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karizza A.","family":"Abellar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, CA 95616"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tran B.","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2007GL029979"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","volume-title":"Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics: From Air Pollution to Climate Change","author":"Seinfeld J. 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