{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]],"date-time":"2026-08-23T17:58:34Z","timestamp":1787507914368,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"31","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,25]],"date-time":"2022-07-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1658707200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012226","name":"MOE | Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["N2025035"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N2025035"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012226","name":"MOE | Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["N2025034"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N2025034"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["52031008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52031008"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Traditional sulfide metallurgy produces harmful sulfur dioxide and is energy intensive. To this end, we develop an anode electrolysis approach in molten salt by which sulfide is electrochemically split into sulfur gas at a graphite inert anode while releasing metal ions that diffuse toward and are deposited at the cathode. The anodic splitting dictates the \u201csulfide-to-metal ion and sulfur gas\u201d conversion that makes the reaction recur continuously. Using this approach, Cu\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    S is converted to sulfur gas and Cu in molten LiCl-KCl at 500\u2009\u00b0C with a current efficiency of 99% and energy consumption of 0.420 kWh\/kg\n                    <jats:sup>\u2212Cu<\/jats:sup>\n                    (only considering the electricity for electrolysis). Besides Cu\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    S, the anode electrolysis can extract Cu from Cu matte that is an intermediate product from the traditional sulfide smelting process. More broadly, Fe, Ni, Pb, and Sb are extracted from FeS, CuFeS\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    , NiS, PbS, and Sb\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    S\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    , providing a general electrochemical method for sulfide metallurgy.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2202884119","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,25]],"date-time":"2022-07-25T15:21:05Z","timestamp":1658762465000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":45,"title":["Anode electrolysis of sulfides"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"119","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4917-4864","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiakang","family":"Qu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory for Ecological Metallurgy of Multimetallic Mineral of Ministry of Education, School of Metallurgy, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, P. R. China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7410-6244","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiang","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory for Ecological Metallurgy of Multimetallic Mineral of Ministry of Education, School of Metallurgy, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, P. R. China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6530-5006","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hongwei","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory for Ecological Metallurgy of Multimetallic Mineral of Ministry of Education, School of Metallurgy, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, P. R. China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuaibo","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Resource and Environmental Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, P.R. China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2364-8718","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dihua","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Resource and Environmental Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, P.R. China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huayi","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory for Ecological Metallurgy of Multimetallic Mineral of Ministry of Education, School of Metallurgy, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, P. R. China"},{"name":"School of Resource and Environmental Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, P.R. China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_1_2","unstructured":"National Bureau of Statistics of the People\u2019s Republic of China Industrial emissions and treatment (2014). www.stats.gov.cn\/ztjc\/ztsj\/hjtjzl\/2014. Accessed 11 July 2022."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/gmd-11-369-2018"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","unstructured":"Ministry of Ecology and Environment of the People\u2019s Republic of China Bulletin of the second national survey of pollution sources\u201d (2020). https:\/\/www.mee.gov.cn\/xxgk2018\/xxgk\/xxgk01\/202006\/t20200610_783547.html. 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