{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T14:02:52Z","timestamp":1790949772605,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"23","content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2000,11,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Epifluorescence microscopy studies of mixtures of phospholipids and\n cholesterol at the air\u2013water interface often exhibit coexisting liquid\n phases. The properties of these liquids point to the formation of\n \u201ccondensed complexes\u201d between cholesterol and certain\n phospholipids, such as sphingomyelin. It is found that monolayers that\n form complexes can incorporate a low concentration of a ganglioside\n G\n                    <jats:sub>M1<\/jats:sub>\n                    . This glycolipid is visualized by using a fluorescently\n labeled B subunit of cholera toxin. Three coexisting liquid phases are\n found by using this probe together with a fluorescent phospholipid\n probe. The three liquid phases are identified as a phospholipid-rich\n phase, a cholesterol-rich phase, and a condensed complex-rich phase.\n The cholera toxin B labeled ganglioside G\n                    <jats:sub>M1<\/jats:sub>\n                    is found\n exclusively in the condensed complex-rich phase. Condensed complexes\n are likely present in animal cell membranes, where they should\n facilitate the formation of specialized domains such as rafts.\n Condensed complexes also have a major effect in determining the\n chemical activity of cholesterol. It is suggested that this chemical\n activity plays an essential role in the regulation of cholesterol\n biosynthesis. Gradients in the chemical activity of cholesterol should\n likewise govern the rates and direction of intracellular intermembrane\n cholesterol transport.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.220418097","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,26]],"date-time":"2002-07-26T10:45:09Z","timestamp":1027680309000},"page":"12422-12427","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":215,"title":["Condensed complexes, rafts, and the chemical activity of cholesterol in membranes"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"97","author":[{"given":"Arun","family":"Radhakrishnan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford CA 94305"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas G.","family":"Anderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford CA 94305"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Harden M.","family":"McConnell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford CA 94305"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2000,10,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_2","volume-title":"Cholesterol in Membrane Models","author":"Feingold L","year":"1993","unstructured":"L Feingold Cholesterol in Membrane Models (CRC, Ann Arbor, MI, 1993)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(01)22310-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9797(81)90084-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","first-page":"6","volume-title":"Membrane Models and the Formation of Biological Membranes","author":"Chapman D","year":"1968","unstructured":"D Chapman Membrane Models and the Formation of Biological Membranes, eds L Bolis, B A Pethica (Interscience, New 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