{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T19:53:47Z","timestamp":1792785227717,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"39","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,19]],"date-time":"2022-09-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1663545600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41888101"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41888101"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41703007 & 42172201"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41703007 & 42172201"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Presidents' International Fellowship Initiative","award":["2020VCA0019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020VCA0019"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,27]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Protracted droughts lasting years to decades constitute severe threats to human welfare across the Indian subcontinent. Such events are, however, rare during the instrumental period (\n                    <jats:italic>ca<\/jats:italic>\n                    . since 1871 CE). In contrast, the historic documentary evidence indicates the repeated occurrences of protracted droughts in the region during the preinstrumental period implying that either the instrumental observations underestimate the full spectrum of monsoon variability or the historic accounts overestimate the severity and duration of the past droughts. Here we present a temporally precise speleothem-based oxygen isotope reconstruction of the Indian summer monsoon precipitation variability from Mawmluh cave located in northeast India. Our data reveal that protracted droughts, embedded within multidecadal intervals of reduced monsoon rainfall, frequently occurred over the past millennium. These extreme events are in striking temporal synchrony with the historically documented droughts, famines, mass mortality events, and geopolitical changes in the Indian subcontinent. Our findings necessitate reconsideration of the region\u2019s current water resources, sustainability, and mitigation policies that discount the possibility of protracted droughts in the future.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2207487119","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,19]],"date-time":"2022-09-19T15:16:45Z","timestamp":1663600605000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":46,"title":["Protracted Indian monsoon droughts of the past millennium and their societal impacts"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"119","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9333-9385","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gayatri","family":"Kathayat","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Global Environmental Change, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an 710054, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5700-2451","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ashish","family":"Sinha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth Science, California State University, Dominguez Hills, Carson, CA 90747"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9615-2065","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sebastian F. M.","family":"Breitenbach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 1XE, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1932-7102","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liangcheng","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi\u2019an 710061, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7167-4940","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christoph","family":"Sp\u00f6tl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Geology, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck 6020, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7915-9828","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hanying","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Global Environmental Change, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an 710054, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7611-0244","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiyu","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Global Environmental Change, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an 710054, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0855-1283","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Haiwei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Global Environmental Change, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an 710054, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2327-7307","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Youfeng","family":"Ning","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Global Environmental Change, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an 710054, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4065-6883","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert J.","family":"Allan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Climate Monitoring and Attribution Group, Met Office Hadley Centre, Exeter, EX1 3PB, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vinita","family":"Damodaran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Media, Arts and Humanities, University of Sussex, Brighton, BN1 9RH, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R. Lawrence","family":"Edwards","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5305-9458","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hai","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Global Environmental Change, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an 710054, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi\u2019an 710061, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Karst Dynamics, Ministry of Land and Resources, Institute of Karst Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, 541004 Guilin, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_1_2","first-page":"4887","article-title":"The Indian monsoon, GDP and agriculture","volume":"41","author":"Gadgil S.","year":"2006","unstructured":"S. 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