{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T22:28:47Z","timestamp":1787005727173,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"44","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,24]],"date-time":"2022-10-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1666569600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000085","name":"NSF | Directorate for Geosciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["OCE 1433710"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OCE 1433710"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000085","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000085","name":"NSF | Directorate for Geosciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["OCE 1433313"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OCE 1433313"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000085","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000085","name":"NSF | Directorate for Geosciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["OCE 1433313"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OCE 1433313"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000085","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    The origin of methylmercury in pelagic fish remains unclear, with many unanswered questions regarding the production and degradation of this neurotoxin in the water column. We used mercury (Hg) stable isotope ratios of marine particles and biota to elucidate the cycling of methylmercury prior to incorporation into the marine food web. The Hg isotopic composition of particles, zooplankton, and fish reveals preferential methylation of Hg within small (&lt; 53 \u00b5m) marine particles in the upper 400 m of the North Pacific Ocean. Mass-dependent Hg isotope ratios (\u03b4\n                    <jats:sup>202<\/jats:sup>\n                    Hg) recorded in small particles overlap with previously estimated \u03b4\n                    <jats:sup>202<\/jats:sup>\n                    Hg values for methylmercury sources to Pacific and Atlantic Ocean food webs. Particulate compound specific isotope analysis of amino acids (CSIA-AA) yield \u03b4\n                    <jats:sup>15<\/jats:sup>\n                    N values that indicate more-significant microbial decomposition in small particles compared to larger particles. CSIA-AA and Hg isotope data also suggest that large particles (&gt; 53 \u00b5m) collected in the equatorial ocean are distinct from small particles and resemble fecal pellets. Additional evidence for Hg methylation within small particles is provided by a statistical mixing model of even mass\u2013independent (\u0394\n                    <jats:sup>200<\/jats:sup>\n                    Hg and \u0394\n                    <jats:sup>204<\/jats:sup>\n                    Hg) isotope values, which demonstrates that Hg within near-surface marine organisms (0\u2013150 m) originates from a combination of rainfall and marine particles. In contrast, in meso- and upper bathypelagic organisms (200\u20131,400 m), the majority of Hg originates from marine particles with little input from wet deposition. The occurrence of methylation within marine particles is supported further by a correlation between \u0394\n                    <jats:sup>200<\/jats:sup>\n                    Hg and \u0394\n                    <jats:sup>199<\/jats:sup>\n                    Hg values, demonstrating greater overlap in the Hg isotopic composition of marine organisms with marine particles than with total gaseous Hg or wet deposition.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2208183119","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,24]],"date-time":"2022-10-24T15:13:40Z","timestamp":1666624420000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["Mercury isotopic evidence for the importance of particles as a source of mercury to marine organisms"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"119","author":[{"given":"Laura C.","family":"Motta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5389-8633","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joel D.","family":"Blum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7021-5478","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brian N.","family":"Popp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth Sciences, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Blaire P.","family":"Umhau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Earth, Ocean and Environment, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claudia R.","family":"Benitez-Nelson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Earth, Ocean and Environment, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9892-8928","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hilary G.","family":"Close","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rosenstiel School of Marine, Atmospheric, and Earth Science, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33149"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6176-8297","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Spencer J.","family":"Washburn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9613-3833","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeffrey C.","family":"Drazen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oceanography, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1753-4887.2011.00415.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2006GB002876"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.9377"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ngeo1918"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2008GB003425"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marchem.2020.103753"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/bg-15-6451-2018"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4319\/lo.2009.54.3.0837"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/2015GB005120"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marchem.2012.02.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1758-2229.12829"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marchem.2007.01.018"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marchem.2015.07.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-earth-050212-124107"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2018GB006057"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-17045-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marchem.2020.103790"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2012773117"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03859-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsta.2015.0297"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lno.10762"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4319\/lo.2013.58.6.1931"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pocean.2020.102266"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lol2.10163"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.estlett.0c00716"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/gbc.20021"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.0c01918"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature22997"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.6b00033"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-009-3143-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-21706-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marchem.2019.103705"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-17-6353-2017"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-17-5271-2017"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/es503483m"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/es100205t"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2012.09.038"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/es103053y"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.9b03394"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.estlett.0c00409"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.6b00854"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/es902206j"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gca.2008.11.038"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/es062019t"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-017-0008-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1148050"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemgeo.2015.02.025"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jp9111348"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jpca.9b06308"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jpca.0c00661"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/es950373d"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lno.11793"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gca.2012.05.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.1c02568"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/es100383w"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.8b06736"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7656","DOI":"10.1029\/2018JD028671","article-title":"Isotopic composition of gaseous elemental mercury in the marine boundary layer of East China Sea","volume":"123","author":"Fu X.","year":"2018","unstructured":"X. Fu , Isotopic composition of gaseous elemental mercury in the marine boundary layer of East China Sea. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 123, 7656\u20137669 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lno.10085"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2019.121379"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crte.2015.04.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.8b05940"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4319\/lo.2007.52.4.1685"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0967-0645(99)00011-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_64_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00115253"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_65_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.12480"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_66_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gca.2017.07.036"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_67_2","unstructured":"B. N. Popp \u201cParticles and Zooplankton Amino Acid Compound Specific Isotope Analyses (AA-CSIA) and zooplankton biomass at Station ALOHA and the Equatorial Pacific from R\/V Kilo Moana cruises KM1407 KM1418 & KM1515 from 2014-2015.\u201d Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO). Dataset version: 19 March 2020. (2020). https:\/\/www.bco-dmo.org\/dataset\/806502\/data. Accessed 29 September 2022."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_68_2","unstructured":"C. R. Benitez-Nelson Dataset: 234Th Flux. BCO-DMO. https:\/\/www.bco-dmo.org\/dataset\/806471. Deposited 19 March 2020."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_69_2","unstructured":"B. N. Popp Dataset: Particles and Zooplankton AA-CSIA. BCO-DMO. https:\/\/www.bco-dmo.org\/dataset\/806502. Deposited 19 March 2020."}],"container-title":["Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1073\/pnas.2208183119","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,21]],"date-time":"2023-09-21T08:33:13Z","timestamp":1695285193000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/10.1073\/pnas.2208183119"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,24]]},"references-count":69,"journal-issue":{"issue":"44","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1073\/pnas.2208183119"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.2208183119","relation":{},"ISSN":["0027-8424","1091-6490"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0027-8424","type":"print"},{"value":"1091-6490","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,24]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2022-05-11","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-09-20","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-10-24","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e2208183119"}}