{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T22:43:00Z","timestamp":1788561780711,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,27]],"date-time":"2023-01-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1674777600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003977","name":"The israeli science foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["996\/20"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["996\/20"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003977","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"European union&apos;s hourizon 2020 research and innovation progamme","award":["820829"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["820829"]}]},{"name":"Yotam project and the Weizmann institute sustainability and energy research initiative","award":["0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["0"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Clouds are one of the most influential components of Earth\u2019s climate system. Specifically, the midlatitude clouds play a vital role in shaping Earth\u2019s albedo. This study investigates the connection between baroclinic activity, which dominates the midlatitude climate, and cloud-albedo and how it relates to Earth\u2019s existing hemispheric albedo symmetry. We show that baroclinic activity and cloud-albedo are highly correlated. By using Lagrangian tracking of cyclones and anticyclones and analyzing their individual cloud properties at different vertical levels, we explain why their cloud-albedo increases monotonically with intensity. We find that while for anticyclones, the relation between strength and cloudiness is mostly linear, for cyclones, in which clouds are more prevalent, the relation saturates with strength. Using the cloud-albedo strength relationships and the climatology of baroclinic activity, we demonstrate that the observed hemispheric difference in cloud-albedo is well explained by the difference in the population of cyclones and anticyclones, which counter-balances the difference in clear-sky albedo. Finally, we discuss the robustness of the hemispheric albedo symmetry in the future climate. Seemingly, the symmetry should break, as the northern hemisphere\u2019s storm track response differs from that of the southern hemisphere due to Arctic amplification. However, we show that the saturation of the cloud response to storm intensity implies that the increase in the skewness of the southern hemisphere storm distribution toward strong storms will decrease future cloud-albedo in the southern hemisphere. This complex response explains how albedo symmetry might persist even with the predicted asymmetric hemispheric change in baroclinicity under climate change.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2208778120","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,27]],"date-time":"2023-01-27T14:19:36Z","timestamp":1674829176000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["The role of baroclinic activity in controlling Earth\u2019s albedo in the present and future climates"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"120","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9360-2999","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Or","family":"Hadas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, 76100 Rehovot, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6427-2385","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"George","family":"Datseris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Max-Planck-Institut fur Meteorologie, D-20146 Hamburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1532-2347","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joaquin","family":"Blanco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Meteorology, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4791-4438","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sandrine","family":"Bony","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sorbonne Universit\u00e9, Laboratoire de M\u00e9t\u00e9orologie Dynamique (LMD)\/Institut Pierre Simon Laplace (IPSL), Centre National de la Recherche Scientique (CNRS), Univ Paris 06, 75252 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5507-9209","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rodrigo","family":"Caballero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Meteorology, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3795-0475","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bjorn","family":"Stevens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Max-Planck-Institut fur Meteorologie, D-20146 Hamburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4089-0020","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yohai","family":"Kaspi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, 76100 Rehovot, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2021AV000440"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/2014RG000449"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1971)028<0305:MOTERB>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10712-012-9184-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/JCLI-D-12-00132.1"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"P. 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