{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T08:40:42Z","timestamp":1790671242360,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"41","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,3]],"date-time":"2022-10-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1664755200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000072","name":"HHS | NIH | National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DE025220"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DE025220"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000072","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002347","name":"Bundesministerium f&#x00FC;r Bildung und Forschung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["TARGET-Biofilm"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TARGET-Biofilm"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002347","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000781","name":"EC | European Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["StG-716734"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["StG-716734"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000781","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000072","name":"HHS | NIH | National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R90DE031532"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R90DE031532"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000072","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000072","name":"HHS | NIH | National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K23DE027412"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K23DE027412"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000072","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Fungi and bacteria often engage in complex interactions, such as the formation of multicellular biofilms within the human body. Knowledge about how interkingdom biofilms initiate and coalesce into higher-level communities and which functions the different species carry out during biofilm formation remain limited. We found native-state assemblages of\n                    <jats:italic>Candida albicans<\/jats:italic>\n                    (fungi) and\n                    <jats:italic>Streptococcus mutans<\/jats:italic>\n                    (bacteria) with highly structured arrangement in saliva from diseased patients with childhood tooth decay. Further analyses revealed that bacterial clusters are attached within a network of fungal yeasts, hyphae, and exopolysaccharides, which bind to surfaces as a preassembled cell group. The interkingdom assemblages exhibit emergent functions, including enhanced surface colonization and growth rate, stronger tolerance to antimicrobials, and improved shear resistance, compared to either species alone. Notably, we discovered that the interkingdom assemblages display a unique form of migratory spatial mobility that enables fast spreading of biofilms across surfaces and causes enhanced, more extensive tooth decay. Using mutants, selective inactivation of species, and selective matrix removal, we demonstrate that the enhanced stress resistance and surface mobility arise from the exopolymeric matrix and require the presence of both species in the assemblage. The mobility is directed by fungal filamentation as hyphae extend and contact the surface, lifting the assemblage with a \u201cforward-leaping motion.\u201d Bacterial cell clusters can \u201chitchhike\u201d on this mobile unit while continuously growing, to spread across the surface three-dimensionally and merge with other assemblages, promoting community expansion. Together, our results reveal an interkingdom assemblage in human saliva that behaves like a supraorganism, with disease-causing emergent functionalities that cannot be achieved without coassembly.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2209699119","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,3]],"date-time":"2022-10-03T15:17:41Z","timestamp":1664810261000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":60,"title":["Interkingdom assemblages in human saliva display group-level surface mobility and disease-promoting emergent functions"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"119","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3553-1958","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhi","family":"Ren","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Biofilm Research Laboratories, Department of Orthodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104"},{"name":"Division of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104"},{"name":"Division of Community Oral Health, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104"},{"name":"Center for Innovation &amp; Precision Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine and School of Engineering &amp; Applied Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7080-4907","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hannah","family":"Jeckel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, Philipps-Universit\u00e4t Marburg, 35032 Marburg, Germany"},{"name":"Biozentrum, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3656-6834","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aurea","family":"Simon-Soro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biofilm Research Laboratories, Department of Orthodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104"},{"name":"Division of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104"},{"name":"Division of Community Oral Health, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4823-002X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhenting","family":"Xiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biofilm Research Laboratories, Department of Orthodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104"},{"name":"Division of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104"},{"name":"Division of Community Oral Health, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuan","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biofilm Research Laboratories, Department of Orthodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104"},{"name":"Division of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104"},{"name":"Division of Community Oral Health, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104"},{"name":"Preventive and Restorative Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5296-9812","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Indira M.","family":"Cavalcanti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biofilm Research Laboratories, Department of Orthodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104"},{"name":"Division of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104"},{"name":"Division of Community Oral Health, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jin","family":"Xiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eastman Institute for Oral Health, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14620"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0053-4614","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nyi-Nyi","family":"Tin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oral Health Research Institute, Department of Cariology, Operative Dentistry, and Dental Public Health, School of Dentistry, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN 46202"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9822-6064","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anderson","family":"Hara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oral Health Research Institute, Department of Cariology, Operative Dentistry, and Dental Public Health, School of Dentistry, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN 46202"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7340-2444","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Knut","family":"Drescher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biozentrum, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9143-2076","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hyun","family":"Koo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biofilm Research Laboratories, Department of Orthodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104"},{"name":"Division of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104"},{"name":"Division of Community Oral Health, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104"},{"name":"Center for Innovation &amp; 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