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Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,24]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    We recently reported transposon mutagenesis as a significant driver of spontaneous mutations in the human fungal pathogen\n                    <jats:italic>Cryptococcus deneoformans<\/jats:italic>\n                    during murine infection. Mutations caused by transposable element (TE) insertion into reporter genes were dramatically elevated at high temperatures (37\u00b0 vs. 30\u00b0) in\u00a0vitro, suggesting that heat stress stimulates TE mobility in the\n                    <jats:italic>Cryptococcus<\/jats:italic>\n                    genome. To explore the genome-wide impact of TE mobilization, we generated transposon accumulation lines by in\u00a0vitro passage of\n                    <jats:italic>C. deneoformans<\/jats:italic>\n                    strain XL280\u03b1 for multiple generations at both 30\u00b0 and at the host-relevant temperature of 37\u00b0. Utilizing whole-genome sequencing, we identified native TE copies and mapped multiple de novo TE insertions in these lines. Movements of the T1 DNA transposon occurred at both temperatures with a strong bias for insertion between gene-coding regions. By contrast, the Tcn12 retrotransposon integrated primarily within genes and movement occurred exclusively at 37\u00b0. In addition, we observed a dramatic amplification in copy number of the Cnl1 (\n                    <jats:italic>Cryptococcus\u00a0neoformans<\/jats:italic>\n                    LINE-1) retrotransposon in subtelomeric regions under heat-stress conditions. Comparing TE mutations to other sequence variations detected in passaged lines, the increase in genomic changes at elevated temperatures was primarily due to mobilization of the retroelements Tcn12 and Cnl1. Finally, we found multiple TE movements (T1, Tcn12, and Cnl1) in the genomes of single\n                    <jats:italic>C. deneoformans<\/jats:italic>\n                    isolates recovered from infected mice, providing evidence that mobile elements are likely to facilitate microevolution and rapid adaptation during infection.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2209831120","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,20]],"date-time":"2023-01-20T15:09:27Z","timestamp":1674227367000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":61,"title":["Genome-wide analysis of heat stress-stimulated transposon mobility in the human fungal pathogen\n                    <i>Cryptococcus deneoformans<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"120","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9915-1834","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Asiya","family":"Gusa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2650-9035","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vikas","family":"Yadav","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cullen","family":"Roth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan D.","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eva Mei","family":"Shouse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7659-2589","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paul","family":"Magwene","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6369-5995","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joseph","family":"Heitman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5924-5852","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sue","family":"Jinks-Robertson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fgb.2015.02.009"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.micro.60.080805.142102"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","volume-title":"Cryptococcus: From Human Pathogen to Model Yeast","author":"Casadevall A.","year":"2011","unstructured":"A. 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