{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T15:32:13Z","timestamp":1781105533251,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,14]],"date-time":"2023-02-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1676332800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000053","name":"HHS | NIH | National Eye Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01 EY021594"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 EY021594"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000053","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100003194","name":"New York Stem Cell Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["N\/A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N\/A"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100003194","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,21]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Faces in motion reveal a plethora of information through visual dynamics. Faces can move in complex patterns while transforming facial shape, e.g., during the generation of different emotional expressions. While motion and shape processing have been studied extensively in separate research enterprises, much less is known about their conjunction during biological motion. Here, we took advantage of the discovery in brain-imaging studies of an area in the dorsal portion of the macaque monkey superior temporal sulcus (STS), the middle dorsal face area (MD), with selectivity for naturalistic face motion. To gain mechanistic insights into the coding of facial motion, we recorded single-unit activity from MD, testing whether and how MD cells encode face motion. The MD population was highly sensitive to naturalistic facial motion and facial shape. Some MD cells responded only to the conjunction of facial shape and motion, others were selective for facial shape even without movement, and yet others were suppressed by facial motion. We found that this heterogeneous MD population transforms face motion into a higher dimensional activity space, a representation that would allow for high sensitivity to relevant small-scale movements. Indeed, we show that many MD cells carry such sensitivity for eye movements. We further found that MD cells encode motion of head, mouth, and eyes in a separable manner, requiring the use of multiple reference frames. Thus, MD is a bona fide face\u2013motion area that uses highly heterogeneous cell populations to create codes capturing even complex facial motion trajectories.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2212735120","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,14]],"date-time":"2023-02-14T13:54:36Z","timestamp":1676382876000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Encoding of dynamic facial information in the middle dorsal face area"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"120","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3235-1118","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zetian","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Neural Systems, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8456-5030","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Winrich A.","family":"Freiwald","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Neural Systems, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065"},{"name":"The Center for Brains, Minds and Machines, Cambridge, MA 02139"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2044-8295.1958.tb00656.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2002.1221"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-vision-082114-035518"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2020.11.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1364-6613(00)01482-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1364-6613(02)01908-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-neuro-070815-013934"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conb.2019.12.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41583-020-00393-w"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0502605102"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1111"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0809662105"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2011.03.067"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2014.11.038"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0028-3932(03)00175-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/089892903770007353"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1996.76.1.109"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-4328(85)90089-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2108283118"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2619"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1346-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conb.2012.11.014"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-018-0209-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41596-019-0176-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2044-8295.1986.tb02199.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.5402-11.2013"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1119983"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2017.05.011"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1194908"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.2363"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2020.09.070"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2015.03.010"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.902260408"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"B. E. Boser I. M. Guyon V. N. Vapnik \u201cA training algorithm for optimal margin classifiers\u201d in Proceedings of the Fifth Annual Workshop on Computational Learning Theory (Association for Computing Machinery New York NY 1992) pp. 144\u2013152.","DOI":"10.1145\/130385.130401"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.146.1.87"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/29777"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/331679a0"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/107385840100700512"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0079-6123(01)30012-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(00)00004-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2016.10.015"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aax5979"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.neuro.28.061604.135703"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn1057"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2019.06.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn1724"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-45103-X_50"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_48_2","article-title":"Encoding of Dynamic Facial Information in the Middle Dorsal Face","author":"Yang Z.","unstructured":"Z. Yang, W. A. Freiwald, Encoding of Dynamic Facial Information in the Middle Dorsal Face Area. Figshare. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.6084\/m9.figshare.21867813. Deposited 04 February 2023.","journal-title":"Area"}],"container-title":["Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1073\/pnas.2212735120","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,21]],"date-time":"2023-09-21T08:52:59Z","timestamp":1695286379000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/10.1073\/pnas.2212735120"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,14]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,21]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1073\/pnas.2212735120"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.2212735120","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/2022.07.24.501335","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["0027-8424","1091-6490"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0027-8424","type":"print"},{"value":"1091-6490","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,14]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2022-07-25","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-01-04","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-02-14","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e2212735120"}}