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Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,14]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Lysosomes are catabolic organelles involved in macromolecular digestion, and their dysfunction is associated with pathologies ranging from lysosomal storage disorders to common neurodegenerative diseases, many of which have lipid accumulation phenotypes. The mechanism of lipid efflux from lysosomes is well understood for cholesterol, while the export of other lipids, particularly sphingosine, is less well studied. To overcome this knowledge gap, we have developed functionalized sphingosine and cholesterol probes that allow us to follow their metabolism, protein interactions, and their subcellular localization. These probes feature a modified cage group for lysosomal targeting and controlled release of the active lipids with high temporal precision. An additional photocrosslinkable group allowed for the discovery of lysosomal interactors for both sphingosine and cholesterol. In this way, we found that two lysosomal cholesterol transporters, NPC1 and to a lesser extent LIMP-2\/SCARB2, bind to sphingosine and showed that their absence leads to lysosomal sphingosine accumulation which hints at a sphingosine transport role of both proteins. Furthermore, artificial elevation of lysosomal sphingosine levels impaired cholesterol efflux, consistent with sphingosine and cholesterol sharing a common export mechanism.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2213886120","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,9]],"date-time":"2023-03-09T14:09:04Z","timestamp":1678370944000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":62,"title":["Lysosome-targeted multifunctional lipid probes reveal the sterol transporter NPC1 as a sphingosine interactor"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"120","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2881-2292","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Janathan","family":"Altuzar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Heidelberg University Biochemistry Center, Ruprecht-Karls-Universit\u00e4t Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4387-3333","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Judith","family":"Notbohm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Heidelberg University Biochemistry Center, Ruprecht-Karls-Universit\u00e4t Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frank","family":"Stein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Per","family":"Haberkant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9344-7714","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pia","family":"Hempelmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Heidelberg University Biochemistry Center, Ruprecht-Karls-Universit\u00e4t Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saskia","family":"Heybrock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biochemistry, Christian-Albrechts-Universit\u00e4t Kiel, 24118 Kiel, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7431-9909","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jutta","family":"Worsch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Heidelberg University Biochemistry Center, Ruprecht-Karls-Universit\u00e4t Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Saftig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biochemistry, Christian-Albrechts-Universit\u00e4t Kiel, 24118 Kiel, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Doris","family":"H\u00f6glinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Heidelberg University Biochemistry Center, Ruprecht-Karls-Universit\u00e4t Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41580-019-0185-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd.2017.214"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.221739"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.3513311"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2005.12.022"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceb.2008.05.009"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M703848200"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0807328105"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Lysosomal cholesterol export reconstituted from fragments of Niemann-Pick C1","volume":"7","author":"Nguyen Trinh M.","year":"2018","unstructured":"M. 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