{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T21:29:10Z","timestamp":1793568550646,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"51","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,12]],"date-time":"2022-12-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1670803200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41973064 42103035"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41973064 42103035"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Key Research program of Chinese Academy of Sciences","award":["QYZDJ-SSW-DQC001 ZDBS-SSW-JSC007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["QYZDJ-SSW-DQC001 ZDBS-SSW-JSC007"]}]},{"name":"Pre-research project on Civil Aerospace Technologies by CNSA","award":["D020201 D020203"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["D020201 D020203"]}]},{"name":"key research program of the Institute of Geology and Geophysics, CAS","award":["IGGCAS-202101"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IGGCAS-202101"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42230206"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42230206"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,20]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Remote sensing data revealed that the presence of water (OH\/H\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    O) on the Moon is latitude-dependent and probably time-of-day variation, suggesting a solar wind (SW)-originated water with a high degassing loss rate on the lunar surface. However, it is unknown whether or not the SW-derived water in lunar soil grains can be preserved beneath the surface. We report ion microprobe analyses of hydrogen abundances, and deuterium\/hydrogen ratios of the lunar soil grains returned by the Chang\u2019e-5 mission from a higher latitude than previous missions. Most of the grain rims (topmost ~100 nm) show high abundances of hydrogen (1,116 to 2,516 ppm) with extremely low \u03b4D values (\u2212908 to \u2212992\u2030), implying nearly exclusively a SW origin. The hydrogen-content depth distribution in the grain rims is phase-dependent, either bell-shaped for glass or monotonic decrease for mineral grains. This reveals the dynamic equilibrium between implantation and outgassing of SW-hydrogen in soil grains on the lunar surface. Heating experiments on a subset of the grains further demonstrate that the SW-implanted hydrogen could be preserved after burial. By comparing with the Apollo data, both observations and simulations provide constraints on the governing role of temperature (latitude) on hydrogen implantation\/migration in lunar soils. We predict an even higher abundance of hydrogen in the grain rims in the lunar polar regions (average ~9,500 ppm), which corresponds to an estimation of the bulk water content of ~560 ppm in the polar soils assuming the same grain size distribution as Apollo soils, consistent with the orbit remote sensing result.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2214395119","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,29]],"date-time":"2022-12-29T10:33:20Z","timestamp":1672310000000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":79,"title":["High abundance of solar wind-derived water in lunar soils from the middle latitude"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"119","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7208-7545","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuchen","family":"Xu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Space Weather, National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of 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France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yangting","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Earth and Planetary Physics, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4898-1023","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jialong","family":"Hao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Earth and Planetary Physics, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9708-6901","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ruiying","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Earth and Planetary Physics, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1254-8693","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lixin","family":"Gu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Earth and Planetary Physics, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6267-4981","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wei","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Earth and Planetary Physics, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4643-6243","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liying","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Space Weather, National Space Science Center, Chinese 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Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4887-5274","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Huaiyu","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Lithospheric Evolution, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2744-1677","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yongliao","family":"Zou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Space Weather, National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5512-7736","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xianhua","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Lithospheric Evolution, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2281-7885","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fuyuan","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Lithospheric Evolution, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_1_2","volume-title":"Lunar Sourcebook, A User\u2019s Guide to the Moon","author":"Heiken G. 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