{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T21:28:58Z","timestamp":1791408538499,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"47","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,14]],"date-time":"2022-11-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1668384000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["32172470"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32172470"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,22]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Fungi are central to every terrestrial and many aquatic ecosystems, but the mechanisms underlying fungal tolerance to mercury, a global pollutant, remain unknown. Here, we show that the plant symbiotic fungus\n                    <jats:italic>Metarhizium robertsii<\/jats:italic>\n                    degrades methylmercury and reduces divalent mercury, decreasing mercury accumulation in plants and greatly increasing their growth in contaminated soils.\n                    <jats:italic>M. robertsii<\/jats:italic>\n                    does this by demethylating methylmercury via a methylmercury demethylase (MMD) and using a mercury ion reductase (MIR) to reduce divalent mercury to volatile elemental mercury.\n                    <jats:italic>M. robertsii<\/jats:italic>\n                    can also remove methylmercury and divalent mercury from fresh and sea water even in the absence of added nutrients. Overexpression of MMD and MIR significantly improved the ability of\n                    <jats:italic>M. robertsii<\/jats:italic>\n                    to bioremediate soil and water contaminated with methylmercury and divalent mercury. MIR homologs, and thereby divalent mercury tolerance, are widespread in fungi. In contrast, MMD homologs were patchily distributed among the few plant associates and soil fungi that were also able to demethylate methylmercury. Phylogenetic analysis suggests that fungi could have acquired methylmercury demethylase genes from bacteria via two independent horizontal gene transfer events. Heterologous expression of MMD in fungi that lack MMD homologs enabled them to demethylate methylmercury. Our work reveals the mechanisms underlying mercury tolerance in fungi, and may provide a cheap and environmentally friendly means of cleaning up mercury pollution.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2214513119","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,14]],"date-time":"2022-11-14T15:11:26Z","timestamp":1668438686000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":52,"title":["Bioremediation of mercury-polluted soil and water by the plant symbiotic fungus\n                    <i>Metarhizium robertsii<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"119","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6255-1439","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Congcong","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Biosystem Homeostasis and Protection, Institute of Microbiology, College of Life Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dan","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Biosystem Homeostasis and Protection, Institute of Microbiology, College of Life Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jin","family":"Dai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Biosystem Homeostasis and Protection, Institute of Microbiology, College of Life Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xingyuan","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Biosystem Homeostasis and Protection, Institute of Microbiology, College of Life Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuting","family":"Bao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Biosystem Homeostasis and Protection, Institute of Microbiology, College of Life Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiali","family":"Ning","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Biosystem Homeostasis and Protection, Institute of Microbiology, College of Life Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qing","family":"Zhen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Biosystem Homeostasis and Protection, Institute of Microbiology, College of Life Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hui","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Biosystem Homeostasis and Protection, Institute of Microbiology, College of Life Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raymond J.","family":"St. Leger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Entomology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8431-8256","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Weiguo","family":"Fang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Biosystem Homeostasis and Protection, Institute of Microbiology, College of Life Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/es305071v"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/2017GL075571"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3961\/jpmph.2014.47.2.74"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2020.02.011"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.137832"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1230667"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsr2.2017.04.020"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2021.126985"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_2","first-page":"695","article-title":"Comparative study of metal induced phospholipid modifications in the heavy metal tolerant filamentous fungus Paecilomyces marquandii and implications for the fungal membrane integrity","volume":"60","author":"S\u0142aba M.","year":"2013","unstructured":"M. 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