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However, the translational regulation of phase transition is unexplored. Here, we show a phase-dependent pattern at the translation level, which exhibits different polysome profiles between gregarious and solitary locusts. The gregarious locusts exhibit significant increases in 60S and polyribosomes, while solitary locusts possess higher peaks of the monoribosome and a specific \u201chalfmer.\u201d The polysome profiles, a molecular phenotype, respond to changes in population density. In gregarious locusts, ten genes involved in the cytosolic ribosome pathway exhibited increased translational efficiency (TE). In solitary locusts, five genes from the mitochondrial ribosome pathway displayed increased TE. The high expression of large ribosomal protein 7 at the translational level promotes accumulation of the free 60S ribosomal subunit in gregarious locusts, while solitary locusts employ mitochondrial small ribosomal protein 18c\u00a0to induce the assembly of mitochondrial ribosomes, causing divergence of the translational profiles and behavioral transition. This study reveals the translational regulatory mechanism of locust phase transition, in which the locusts employ divergent ribosome pathways to cope with changes in population density.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2216851120","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,26]],"date-time":"2023-01-26T13:44:11Z","timestamp":1674740651000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Cytosolic and mitochondrial ribosomal proteins mediate the locust phase transition via divergence of translational profiles"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"120","author":[{"given":"Jing","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Life Science, Institute of Life Science and Green Development, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liya","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Life Science, Institute of Life Science and Green Development, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yongsheng","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Life Science, Institute of Life Science and Green Development, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haikang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Life Science, Institute of Life Science and Green Development, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pengcheng","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Institutes of Life Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3006-7770","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhangwu","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Life Science, Institute of Life Science and Green Development, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4262-2329","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Le","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Life Science, Institute of Life Science and Green Development, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China"},{"name":"Beijing Institutes of Life Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"},{"name":"Institute of Zoology, State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-ento-011613-162019"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M. 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