{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]],"date-time":"2026-06-25T08:37:02Z","timestamp":1782376622896,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,24]],"date-time":"2023-04-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1682294400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000049","name":"HHS | NIH | National Institute on Aging","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R00AG066846"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R00AG066846"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000049","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>There is growing need to distinguish between sex and gender. While sex is assigned at birth, gender is socially constructed and may not correspond to one\u2019s assigned sex. However, in most research studies, sex or gender is assessed in isolation or the terms are used interchangeably, which has implications for research accuracy and inclusivity. We used data from the UK Biobank to quantify the prevalence of disagreement between chromosomal and self-reported sex and identify potential reasons for discordance. Among approximately 200 individuals with sex discordance, 71% of discordances were potentially explained by the presence of intersex traits or transgender identity. The findings indicate that when describing sex- and\/or gender-specific differences in health, researchers may be limited in their ability to draw conclusions regarding specific sex and\/or gender health information.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2218700120","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,24]],"date-time":"2023-04-24T15:12:52Z","timestamp":1682349172000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Discordance in chromosomal and self-reported sex in the UK Biobank: Implications for transgender- and intersex-inclusive data collection"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"120","author":[{"given":"Sarah F.","family":"Ackley","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Scott C.","family":"Zimmerman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jason D.","family":"Flatt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Social and Behavioral Science, School of Public Health, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV 89119"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3341-6892","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alicia R.","family":"Riley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sociology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jae","family":"Sevelius","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for AIDS Prevention Studies, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158"},{"name":"Center of Excellence for Transgender Health, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9771-8454","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kate A.","family":"Duchowny","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48104"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00376.2005"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/518288a"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/519291e"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pd.5576"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13524-018-0714-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_2","unstructured":"Sex & Gender | Office of Research on Women\u2019s Health. https:\/\/orwh.od.nih.gov\/sex-gender.\u00a0Retrieved 4 September 2021."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12874-016-0247-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_2","unstructured":"Accounting for sex and gender makes for better science \u2013 The European Commission is set to insist on steps that will make research design more inclusive. 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