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Anthropogenic aerosol emissions increased to unprecedented levels during the 19th century as a consequence of the Industrial Revolution, particularly in Western European cities, leading to an optical environment having less contrast and more intensity. Here, we show that trends from more figurative to impressionistic representations in J.M.W. Turner and Claude Monet\u2019s paintings in London and Paris over the 19th century accurately render physical changes in their local optical environment. In particular, we demonstrate that changes in local sulfur dioxide emissions are a highly statistically significant explanatory variable for trends in the contrast and intensity of Turner, Monet, and others\u2019 works, including after controlling for time trends and subject matter. Industrialization altered the environmental context in which Turner and Monet painted, and our results indicate that their paintings capture changes in the optical environment associated with increasingly polluted atmospheres during the Industrial Revolution.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2219118120","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,31]],"date-time":"2023-01-31T13:34:09Z","timestamp":1675172049000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Paintings by Turner and Monet depict trends in 19th century air pollution"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"120","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0440-7524","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna Lea","family":"Albright","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Dynamic Meteorology, Sorbonne University, \u00c9cole normale sup\u00e9rieure, Paris 75005, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3734-8145","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter","family":"Huybers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/wea.2786"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","first-page":"54","article-title":"Dating van Gogh\u2019s \u201cMoonrise\u2019\u2019","volume":"106","author":"Olson D. 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