{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,20]],"date-time":"2026-09-20T08:36:24Z","timestamp":1789893384895,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"46","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,30]],"date-time":"2023-10-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1698624000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"CNRS (INSU), M\u00e9t\u00e9o France, and Universit\u00e9 de La R\u00e9union","award":["UAR 3365"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UAR 3365"]}]},{"name":"NASA Earth Science TASNPP","award":["80NSSC18K0847"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["80NSSC18K0847"]}]},{"name":"NASA Earth Science SNPPSP","award":["80NSSC22K0157"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["80NSSC22K0157"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,14]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    The Hunga Tonga\u2013Hunga Ha\u2019apai (HT-HH) volcanic eruptions on January 13 and 15, 2022, produced a plume with the highest signal in stratospheric aerosol optical depth observed since the eruption of Mt. Pinatubo in 1991. Suites of balloon-borne instruments on a series of launches from R\u00e9union Island intercepted the HT-HH plume between 7 and 10 d of the eruptions, yielding observations of the aerosol number and size distribution and sulfur dioxide (SO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) and water vapor (H\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    O) concentrations. The measurements reveal an unexpected abundance of large particles in the plume, constrain the total sulfur injected to approximately 0.2 Tg, provide information on the altitude of the injection, and indicate that the formation of sulfuric acid aerosol was complete within 3 wk. Large H\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    O enhancements contributed as much as ~30% to ambient aerosol surface area and likely accelerated SO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    oxidation and aerosol formation rates in the plume to approximately three times faster than under normal stratospheric conditions.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2219547120","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,30]],"date-time":"2023-10-30T15:09:07Z","timestamp":1698678547000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Unexpectedly rapid aerosol formation in the Hunga Tonga plume"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"120","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8399-5730","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Asher","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309"},{"name":"National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, CO 80305"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5753-9275","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael","family":"Todt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309"},{"name":"National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, CO 80305"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0903-8270","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karen","family":"Rosenlof","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, CO 80305"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Troy","family":"Thornberry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, CO 80305"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6985-1637","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ru-Shan","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, CO 80305"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8362-6516","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ghassan","family":"Taha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Morgan State University, Baltimore, MD 21251"},{"name":"NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9567-6465","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paul","family":"Walter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mathematics, St. Edward\u2019s University, Austin, TX 78704"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sergio","family":"Alvarez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77004"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8835-5898","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"James","family":"Flynn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77004"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sean M.","family":"Davis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, CO 80305"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1014-0907","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephanie","family":"Evan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire de l\u2019Atmosph\u00e8re et des Cyclones, UMR8105, CNRS, Universit\u00e9 de La R\u00e9union, Saint-Denis 97744, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5603-7924","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jerome","family":"Brioude","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire de l\u2019Atmosph\u00e8re et des Cyclones, UMR8105, CNRS, Universit\u00e9 de La R\u00e9union, Saint-Denis 97744, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6291-6677","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jean-Marc","family":"Metzger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Observatoire des Sciences de l\u2019Univers de la R\u00e9union, Unit\u00e9 d'Appui et de Recherche 3365 (CNRS, Universit\u00e9 de la R\u00e9union, M\u00e9t\u00e9o-France), Saint-Denis 97744, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dale F.","family":"Hurst","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309"},{"name":"National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Global Monitoring Laboratory, Boulder, CO 80305"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5137-2902","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emrys","family":"Hall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309"},{"name":"National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Global Monitoring Laboratory, Boulder, CO 80305"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kensy","family":"Xiong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309"},{"name":"National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Global Monitoring Laboratory, Boulder, CO 80305"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1206027"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/gmd-12-3863-2019"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/94JD01525"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/2015RG000511"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-20-15015-2020"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-05012-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2022GL099381"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/feart.2022.976962"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abq2299"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2022GL100091"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-22-14957-2022"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s43247-022-00580-w"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2022GL100248"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-15-4373-2022"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-9-3755-2016"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-9-4295-2016"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-14-1015-2021"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02786826.2015.1131809"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2022GL101751"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-21-8915-2021"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-8502(81)90054-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-15-7017-2015"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ngeo2771"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_24_2","volume-title":"Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics: From Air Pollution to Climate Change","author":"Seinfeld J. H.","year":"2006","unstructured":"J. H. Seinfeld, S. N. Pandis, Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics: From Air Pollution to Climate Change (John Wiley & Sons, 2006)."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-9-4447-2016"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-18352-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_27_2","unstructured":"H. V\u00f6mel Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha\u2019apai stratospheric water vapor from Vaisala RS41 radiosondes [dataset]. UCAR\/NCAR - GDEX. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5065\/P328-Z959. Accessed 25 September 2022."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2022JD038041"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-13-5667-2020"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4209\/aaqr.2014.05.0097"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2006JD007224"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/2015JD023303"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0426(1995)012<0115:POAFCA>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/aic.690100531"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/je960375t"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/97GL01879"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_37_2","volume-title":"International Critical Tables of Numerical Data, Physics, Chemistry and Technology","author":"Washburn E. W.","year":"1928","unstructured":"E. W. Washburn, Ed., International Critical Tables of Numerical Data, Physics, Chemistry and Technology (McGraw-Hill, 1928)."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jced.8b00466"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_39_2","first-page":"95","volume-title":"Transactions of the American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers","author":"Goff J. A.","year":"1946","unstructured":"J. A. Goff, S. Gratch, \u201cLow-pressure properties of water from -160 to 212 \u00b0F\u201d in Transactions of the American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers (Transactions of the American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers, 1946), pp. 95\u2013122."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-7-1961-2007"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eqrea.2022.100134"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"C. F. Bohren D. R. Huffman Absorption and Scattering of Light by Small Particles (Wiley ed. 1 1998) 10.1002\/9783527618156 (September 23 2022).","DOI":"10.1002\/9783527618156"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jqsrt.2017.10.012"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2022GL101978"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_45_2","unstructured":"E. Asher 2022-Asher-etal [dataset]. Atmospheric Composition & Chemical Processes: Measurements. https:\/\/csl.noaa.gov\/groups\/csl6\/measurements\/data\/2022-Asher-etal\/. Deposited 24 January 2023."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_46_2","unstructured":"G. Taha OMPS-NPP L2 LP Aerosol Extinction Vertical Profile swath daily 3slit V2 [dataset]. Goddard Earth Sciences Data and Information Services Center (GES DISC). https:\/\/disc.gsfc.nasa.gov\/datasets\/OMPS_NPP_LP_L2_AER_DAILY_2\/summary. Accessed 9 June 2022."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_47_2","unstructured":"A. Lambert W. Read N. Livesey MLS\/Aura Level 2 Water Vapor (H2O) Mixing Ratio V004 [dataset]. Goddard Earth Sciences Data and Information Services Center (GES DISC). https:\/\/disc.gsfc.nasa.gov\/datasets\/ML2H2O_004\/summary?keywords=aura. Accessed 30 June 2022."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_48_2","unstructured":"E. Asher elizabethasher\/hthhPY. GitHub. https:\/\/github.com\/elizabethasher\/hthhPY. Deposited 24 January 2023."}],"container-title":["Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1073\/pnas.2219547120","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,30]],"date-time":"2023-10-30T15:09:18Z","timestamp":1698678558000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/10.1073\/pnas.2219547120"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,30]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"46","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,14]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1073\/pnas.2219547120"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.2219547120","relation":{},"ISSN":["0027-8424","1091-6490"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0027-8424","type":"print"},{"value":"1091-6490","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,30]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2022-11-15","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-09-07","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-10-30","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e2219547120"}}