{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T22:08:57Z","timestamp":1793225337602,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"25","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,12]],"date-time":"2023-06-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1686528000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ZUK 52\/2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZUK 52\/2"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003542","name":"Ministerium f\u00fcr Wissenschaft, Forschung und Kunst Baden-W\u00fcrttemberg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CAP10\/11"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CAP10\/11"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003542","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002347","name":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Bildung und Forschung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HOLO4D FZK 13N13026"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HOLO4D FZK 13N13026"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002347","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006831","name":"DOD | U.S. Air Force","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FA9550-18-1-0521"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FA9550-18-1-0521"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006831","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,20]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Understanding and predicting the outcome of the interaction of light with DNA has a significant impact on the study of DNA repair and radiotherapy. We report on a combination of femtosecond pulsed laser microirradiation at different wavelengths, quantitative imaging, and numerical modeling that yields a comprehensive picture of photon-mediated and free-electron-mediated DNA damage pathways in live cells. Laser irradiation was performed under highly standardized conditions at four wavelengths between 515 nm and 1,030 nm, enabling to study two-photon photochemical and free-electron-mediated DNA damage in situ. We quantitatively assessed cyclobutane pyrimidine dimer (CPD) and \u03b3H2AX-specific immunofluorescence signals to calibrate the damage threshold dose at these wavelengths and performed a comparative analysis of the recruitment of DNA repair factors xeroderma pigmentosum complementation group C (XPC) and Nijmegen breakage syndrome 1 (Nbs1). Our results show that two-photon-induced photochemical CPD generation dominates at 515 nm, while electron-mediated damage dominates at wavelengths \u2265620 nm. The recruitment analysis revealed a cross talk between nucleotide excision and homologous recombination DNA repair pathways at 515 nm. Numerical simulations predicted electron densities and electron energy spectra, which govern the yield functions of a variety of direct electron-mediated DNA damage pathways and of indirect damage by\n                    <jats:sup>\u2022<\/jats:sup>\n                    OH radicals resulting from laser and electron interactions with water. Combining these data with information on free electron\u2013DNA interactions gained in artificial systems, we provide a conceptual framework for the interpretation of the wavelength dependence of laser-induced DNA damage that may guide the selection of irradiation parameters in studies and applications that require the selective induction of DNA lesions.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2220132120","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,12]],"date-time":"2023-06-12T15:19:12Z","timestamp":1686583152000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Dissection of DNA damage and repair pathways in live cells by femtosecond laser microirradiation and free-electron modeling"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"120","author":[{"given":"Michael","family":"Schmalz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany"},{"name":"Center for Applied Photonics, University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8325-1627","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiao-Xuan","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biomedical Optics, University of L\u00fcbeck, 23562 L\u00fcbeck, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ines","family":"Wieser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-7452-5326","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Caroline","family":"Gruschel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lukas","family":"Muskalla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin Thomas","family":"St\u00f6ckl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9397-8475","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roland","family":"Nitschke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Life Imaging Center and Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7843-5966","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Norbert","family":"Linz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biomedical Optics, University of L\u00fcbeck, 23562 L\u00fcbeck, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9847-257X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alfred","family":"Leitenstorfer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany"},{"name":"Center for Applied Photonics, University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4371-9037","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alfred","family":"Vogel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biomedical Optics, University of L\u00fcbeck, 23562 L\u00fcbeck, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5567-8690","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elisa","family":"Ferrando-May","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany"},{"name":"Center for Applied Photonics, University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany"},{"name":"Department Enabling Technology, German Cancer Research Center, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,12]]},"container-title":["Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1073\/pnas.2220132120","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,12]],"date-time":"2023-06-12T15:21:58Z","timestamp":1686583318000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/10.1073\/pnas.2220132120"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,12]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"25","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,20]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1073\/pnas.2220132120"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.2220132120","relation":{},"ISSN":["0027-8424","1091-6490"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0027-8424","type":"print"},{"value":"1091-6490","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2022-12-13","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-05-08","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-06-12","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e2220132120"}}