{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,3]],"date-time":"2026-11-03T06:24:13Z","timestamp":1793687053666,"version":"4.5.1"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,14]],"date-time":"2023-02-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1676332800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006492","name":"Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AI000979"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AI000979"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006492","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,21]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Human mpox (monkeypox), a disease with similarities to smallpox, is endemic in Africa where it has persisted as a zoonosis with limited human-to-human spread. Unexpectedly, the disease expanded globally in 2022 driven by human-to-human transmission outside of Africa. It is not yet known whether the latter is due solely to behavioral and environmental factors or whether the mpox virus is adapting to a new host. Genome sequencing has revealed differences between the current outbreak strains, classified as clade IIb, and the prior clade IIa and clade I viruses, but whether these differences contribute to virulence or transmission has not been determined. We demonstrate that the wild-derived inbred castaneous mouse provides an exceptional animal model for investigating clade differences in mpox virus virulence and show that the order is clade I &gt; clade IIa &gt; clade IIb.1. The greatly reduced replication of the clade IIb.1 major outbreak strain in mice and absence of lethality at 100 times the lethal dose of a closely related clade IIa virus, despite similar multiplication in cell culture, suggest that clade IIb is evolving diminished virulence or adapting to other species.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2220415120","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,14]],"date-time":"2023-02-14T13:54:36Z","timestamp":1676382876000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":216,"title":["Virulence differences of mpox (monkeypox) virus clades I, IIa, and IIb.1 in a small animal model"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"120","author":[{"given":"Jeffrey L.","family":"Americo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20814"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patricia L.","family":"Earl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20814"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2154-8564","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bernard","family":"Moss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20814"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v9100283"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2020.04.062"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.2002.1446"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.81215-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_2","article-title":"Multiple lineages of monkeypox virus detected in the United States, 2021\u20132022","volume":"4153","author":"Gigante C. 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