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Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,28]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Spectral tuning of visual pigments often facilitates adaptation to new environments, and it is intriguing to study the visual ecology of pelagic sharks with secondarily expanded habitats. The whale shark, which dives into the deep sea of nearly 2,000 meters besides near-surface filter feeding, was previously shown to possess the \u2018blue-shifted\u2019 rhodopsin (RHO), which is a signature of deep-sea adaptation. In this study, our spectroscopy of recombinant whale shark RHO mutants revealed that this blue shift is caused dominantly by an unprecedented spectral tuning site 94. In humans, the mutation at the site causes congenital stationary night blindness (CSNB) by reducing the thermal stability of RHO. Similarly, the RHO of deep-diving whale shark has reduced thermal stability, which was experimentally shown to be achieved by site 178 and 94. RHOs having the natural substitution at site 94 are also found in some Antarctic fishes, suggesting that the blue shift by the substitution at the CSNB site associated with the reduction in thermal stability might be allowed in cold-water deep-sea habitats.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2220728120","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,21]],"date-time":"2023-03-21T13:34:32Z","timestamp":1679405672000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Whale shark rhodopsin adapted to deep-sea lifestyle by a substitution associated with human disease"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"120","author":[{"given":"Kazuaki","family":"Yamaguchi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Phyloinformatics, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe 650-0047, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7741-918X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mitsumasa","family":"Koyanagi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka 558-8585, Japan"},{"name":"The Osaka Metropolitan University Advanced Research Institute of Natural Science and Technology, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka 558-8585, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6108-7037","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Keiichi","family":"Sato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Okinawa Churashima Research Center, Okinawa Churashima Foundation, Motobu 905-0206, Japan"},{"name":"Okinawa Churaumi Aquarium, Motobu 905-0206, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8379-8913","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Akihisa","family":"Terakita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka 558-8585, Japan"},{"name":"The Osaka Metropolitan University Advanced Research Institute of Natural Science and Technology, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka 558-8585, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1464-8388","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shigehiro","family":"Kuraku","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Phyloinformatics, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe 650-0047, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Genomics and Evolutionary Biology, Molecular Life History Laboratory, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima 411-8540, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Genetics, Sokendai (Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Mishima 411-8540, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0142156"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(94)90414-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbabio.2013.09.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0802426105"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1201\/b11867-4","volume-title":"Biology of Sharks and Their Relatives","author":"Naylor G. 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