{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T18:11:50Z","timestamp":1793383910442,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"30","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,17]],"date-time":"2023-07-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1689552000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000038","name":"Gouvernement du Canada | Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RGPIN-2017-05972"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RGPIN-2017-05972"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"MOST | National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42277083"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42277083"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100016804","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shenzhen City","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JCYJ20220530113603008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JCYJ20220530113603008"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100016804","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100017621","name":"Shenzhen Municipal Science and Technology Innovation Council | Shenzhen Key Laboratory Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ZDSYS20220606100604008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZDSYS20220606100604008"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100017621","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,25]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Monochloramine, dichloramine and trichloramine (NH\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    Cl, NHCl\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    , NCl\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) are measured in the ambient atmosphere, in downtown Toronto in summer (median 39, 15 and 2.8 ppt) and winter (median 11, 7.3 and 0.7 ppt). NCl\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    and NHCl\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    were also measured in summer (median 1.3 and 14 ppt) from a suburban Toronto location. Measurements at two locations demonstrate prevalence of chloramines in an urban atmosphere. At both sites, NCl\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    exhibits a strong diel pattern with maximum values during the night, and photolytic loss with sunrise. At the downtown site, a strong positive correlation between NH\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    Cl and NHCl\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    in the summer night indicates a common source, with daily average peak mixing ratios approaching 500 and 250 ppt, respectively. As a previously unidentified source of chlorine (Cl) atoms, we demonstrate that NCl\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    photolysis contributes 49 to 82% of the total local summertime Cl production rate at different times during the day with an average noontime peak of 3.8 \u00d7 10\n                    <jats:sup>5<\/jats:sup>\n                    atoms\/cm\n                    <jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\n                    \/s, with smaller contributions from ClNO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    and Cl\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    . Photolysis of NH\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    Cl and NHCl\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    may augment this Cl production rate. Our measurements also demonstrate a daytime enhancement of chloroacetone in both the summer and winter, demonstrating the importance of Cl photochemistry. The results suggest that chloramines are an important source of Cl atoms in urban areas, with potential impacts on the abundance of organic compounds, ozone, nitrogen oxides, and particulate matter. Future studies should explore the vertical gradients of chloramines and their contribution to Cl production throughout the boundary layer.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2220889120","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,17]],"date-time":"2023-07-17T15:12:34Z","timestamp":1689606754000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Chloramines as an important photochemical source of chlorine atoms in the urban atmosphere"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"120","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9565-8777","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chen","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Observation and Research Station for Coastal Atmosphere and Climate of the Greater Bay Area, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China"},{"name":"Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3H6, Canada"},{"name":"Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement and Early Warning Technology for Urban Environmental Health Risks, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3683-4595","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John","family":"Liggio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Air Quality Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, ON M3H 5T4, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeremy J. B.","family":"Wentzell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Air Quality Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, ON M3H 5T4, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6069-0996","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Spiro","family":"Jorga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3H6, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5388-1329","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew","family":"Folkerson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3H6, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3372-334X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jonathan P. D.","family":"Abbatt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3H6, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J. A. Thornton A large atomic chlorine source inferred from mid-continental reactive nitrogen chemistry. Nature 464 271 (2010) 10.1038\/nature08905.","DOI":"10.1038\/nature08905"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ngeo2046"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2018JD028786"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/es204632r"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/28584"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acscentsci.9b00994"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.9b01797"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nsr\/nwaa304"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.0c07413"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ina.12718"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03067319.2010.496044"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ina.12402"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.9b05767"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trac.2011.10.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0043-1354(84)90012-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-4878(98)00041-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.2005.026203"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2011.02.024"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_19_2","unstructured":"M. Kiefer W. Sanderson S. W. Lenhart A. Weber Health Hazard Evaluation Report HETA 2000-0105-2794 Wampler Foods Inc. Hinton Virginia; PB2002108277; National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health Cincinnati OH 2000. https:\/\/ntrl.ntis.gov\/NTRL\/dashboard\/searchResults\/titleDetail\/PB2002108277.xhtml (Accessed 15 April 2022) pp. 4."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D2EM00411A"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/TF9696502994"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/jr9420000148"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-2670(00)84580-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2009.02.009"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2012-000973"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_26_2","unstructured":"World Health Organization Guidelines for Safe Recreational Water Environments (Swimming Pools and Similar Environments 2006) vol. 2 . https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/9241546808 (Accessed 15 April 2022)."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/atmos6101487"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-18-13013-2018"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-18-13481-2018"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-16-14959-2016"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.7b03039"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.6b03909"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/cjc-2015-0426"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2006JD007119"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/kin.550211002"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jp981937d"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2012.10.039"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0904195106"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/337241a0"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ngeo177"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0043-1354(86)90051-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/es00004a035"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_43_2","unstructured":"Health Canada. Chloramines in Drinking Water - Guideline Technical Document for Public Consultation. https:\/\/www.canada.ca\/en\/health-canada\/programs\/consultation-chloramines-drinking-water\/document.html (Accessed 19 July 2022) pp. 5."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.8b02641"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_45_2","unstructured":"J. B. Burkholder Chemical Kinetics and Photochemical Data for Use in Atmospheric Studies. Evaluation No. 18. Jet Propulsion Laboratory Pasadena (JPL Publication 2015) http:\/\/jpldataeval.jpl.nasa.gov."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/j100172a034"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/j100300a013"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"C. Wang Data for: Chloramines as an important photochemical source of chlorine atoms in the urban atmosphere. Science Data Bank. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.57760\/sciencedb.o00005.000385. Accessed 5 July 2023.","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2220889120"}],"container-title":["Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1073\/pnas.2220889120","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,21]],"date-time":"2023-09-21T09:29:47Z","timestamp":1695288587000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/10.1073\/pnas.2220889120"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,17]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"30","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,25]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1073\/pnas.2220889120"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.2220889120","relation":{},"ISSN":["0027-8424","1091-6490"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0027-8424","type":"print"},{"value":"1091-6490","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,17]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2022-12-14","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-06-10","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-07-17","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e2220889120"}}