{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T00:00:38Z","timestamp":1789084838542,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,2]],"date-time":"2024-02-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1706832000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RAPID CDF2032310"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RAPID CDF2032310"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"UCLA W.M.Keck Foundation","award":["OCRC #21-104"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OCRC #21-104"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"HHS | NIH | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R37AI052453"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R37AI052453"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000050","name":"HHS | NIH | National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R35HL155657"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R35HL155657"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000050","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000050","name":"HHS | NIH | National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01HL142799"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01HL142799"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000050","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"NIH\/NCI Serological Sciences Network","award":["U54 CA260543"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U54 CA260543"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000015","name":"U.S. Department of Energy","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DE-AC02-76SF00515"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DE-AC02-76SF00515"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000015","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000015","name":"U.S. Department of Energy","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P30GM133894"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30GM133894"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000015","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000052","name":"HHS | NIH | NIH Office of the Director","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["S10OD021512"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["S10OD021512"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000052","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000015","name":"U.S. Department of Energy","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DE-AC05-76RL01830"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DE-AC05-76RL01830"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000015","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100015691","name":"HHS | NIH | NIAID | Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U01 AI-124319-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01 AI-124319-01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100015691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>It is unclear how severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection leads to the strong but ineffective inflammatory response that characterizes severe Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), with amplified immune activation in diverse cell types, including cells without angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 receptors necessary for infection. Proteolytic degradation of SARS-CoV-2 virions is a milestone in host viral clearance, but the impact of remnant viral peptide fragments from high viral loads is not known. Here, we examine the inflammatory capacity of fragmented viral components from the perspective of supramolecular self-organization in the infected host environment. Interestingly, a machine learning analysis to SARS-CoV-2 proteome reveals sequence motifs that mimic host antimicrobial peptides (xenoAMPs), especially highly cationic human cathelicidin LL-37 capable of augmenting inflammation. Such xenoAMPs are strongly enriched in SARS-CoV-2 relative to low-pathogenicity coronaviruses. Moreover, xenoAMPs from SARS-CoV-2 but not low-pathogenicity homologs assemble double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) into nanocrystalline complexes with lattice constants commensurate with the steric size of Toll-like receptor (TLR)-3 and therefore capable of multivalent binding. Such complexes amplify cytokine secretion in diverse uninfected cell types in culture (epithelial cells, endothelial cells, keratinocytes, monocytes, and macrophages), similar to cathelicidin\u2019s role in rheumatoid arthritis and lupus. The induced transcriptome matches well with the global gene expression pattern in COVID-19, despite using &lt;0.3% of the viral proteome. Delivery of these complexes to uninfected mice boosts plasma interleukin-6 and CXCL1 levels as observed in COVID-19 patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2300644120","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,2]],"date-time":"2024-02-02T14:53:29Z","timestamp":1706885609000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Viral afterlife: SARS-CoV-2 as a reservoir of immunomimetic peptides that reassemble into proinflammatory supramolecular complexes"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"121","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7822-8716","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yue","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095"},{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 9009"},{"name":"California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Immunology &amp; Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095"},{"name":"Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310012, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vanthana","family":"Bharathi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of North Carolina Blood Research Center, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3678-6781","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tatsuya","family":"Dokoshi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2129-0775","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jaime","family":"de Anda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095"},{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 9009"},{"name":"California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Immunology &amp; Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lauryn Tumey","family":"Ursery","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of North Carolina Blood Research Center, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nikhil N.","family":"Kulkarni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0166-2658","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yoshiyuki","family":"Nakamura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095"},{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 9009"},{"name":"California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Immunology &amp; Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth W. C.","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095"},{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 9009"},{"name":"California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Immunology &amp; Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lamei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2145-2770","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hua","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alison","family":"Coady","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raymond","family":"Zurich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1613-9501","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michelle W.","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095"},{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 9009"},{"name":"California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Immunology &amp; Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tsutomu","family":"Matsui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Menlo Park, CA 94025"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"HongKyu","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Molecular Medicine, Harbor-University of California Los Angeles Medical Center, Los Angeles County, Torrance, CA 90502"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2567-4418","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liana C.","family":"Chan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Molecular Medicine, Harbor-University of California Los Angeles Medical Center, Los Angeles County, Torrance, CA 90502"},{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Harbor-University of California Los Angeles Medical Center, Los Angeles County, Torrance, CA 90502"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095"},{"name":"Institute for Infection &amp; Immunity, Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Harbor-University of California Los Angeles Medical Center, Torrance, CA 90502"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Athena A.","family":"Schepmoes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental Molecular Science Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99354"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mary S.","family":"Lipton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental Molecular Science Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99354"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rui","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental Molecular Science Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99354"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joshua N.","family":"Adkins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biological Science Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99354"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0478-8520","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Geremy C.","family":"Clair","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biological Science Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99354"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lance R.","family":"Thurlow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Oral and Craniofacial Health Sciences, Adams School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan C.","family":"Schisler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599"},{"name":"Computational Medicine Program, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4534-6470","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matthew C.","family":"Wolfgang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599"},{"name":"Marsico Lung Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert S.","family":"Hagan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marsico Lung Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599"},{"name":"Division of Pulmonary Diseases and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9468-5252","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael R.","family":"Yeaman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Molecular Medicine, Harbor-University of California Los Angeles Medical Center, Los Angeles County, Torrance, CA 90502"},{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Harbor-University of California Los Angeles Medical Center, Los Angeles County, Torrance, CA 90502"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095"},{"name":"Institute for Infection &amp; Immunity, Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Harbor-University of California Los Angeles Medical Center, Torrance, CA 90502"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas M.","family":"Weiss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Menlo Park, CA 94025"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinhua","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melody M. H.","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Immunology &amp; Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3847-0422","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Victor","family":"Nizet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5523-825X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Silvio","family":"Antoniak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina Blood Research Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nigel","family":"Mackman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of North Carolina Blood Research Center, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard L.","family":"Gallo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0893-6383","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gerard C. L.","family":"Wong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095"},{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 9009"},{"name":"California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Immunology &amp; Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-020-00468-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2020.114225"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2008176117"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.01629"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41580-021-00430-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.2648"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-020-1051-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2020.1747363"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20201012"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ccr3.3276"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2022.103812"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2665-9913(20)30348-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-020-00814-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/415389a"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1302005"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/35047123"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3001180"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature06116"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcdb.2018.02.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nmat4298"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.7b05234"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1105351108"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-22409-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbc.2021.100828"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2024815118"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-020-0211-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-22905-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1609893113"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1819250116"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1917623117"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2020.08.038"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1167-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_33_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Tetsuya; Matsuoka, Shozo, The role of neutrophil elastase in acute lung injury","volume":"541","author":"Kawabata K. H.","year":"2002","unstructured":"K. H. Kawabata, Tetsuya; Matsuoka, Shozo, The role of neutrophil elastase in acute lung injury. Eur. J. Pharacol. 541, 1\u201310 (2002).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharacol."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9040967"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20210583"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.febslet.2008.04.036"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gki725"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-08868-w"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2021.103622"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-020-0901-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03570-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2020.10.021"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000512932"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/bloodadvances.2020003568"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-05273-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-021-00937-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2020.06.061"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1097\/CCE.0000000000000144","article-title":"Inflammation profiling of critically Ill Coronavirus Disease 2019 patients","volume":"2","author":"Fraser D. D.","year":"2020","unstructured":"D. D. Fraser , Inflammation profiling of critically Ill Coronavirus Disease 2019 patients. Crit. Care Explor. 2, e0144 (2020).","journal-title":"Crit. Care Explor."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-021-01050-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/SHK.0000000000000544"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_51_2","volume-title":"Biochemical Individuality: The Basis for the Genetotrophic Concept","author":"Williams R. J.","year":"1998","unstructured":"R. J. Williams, Biochemical Individuality: The Basis for the Genetotrophic Concept (Keats Publishing Inc, New Canaan, Connecticut, 1998)."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1242975"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature04785"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-018-0657-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_55_2","first-page":"xxvi","volume-title":"Biological Physics: Energy, Information, Life","author":"Nelson P. C.","year":"2014","unstructured":"P. C. Nelson, M. Radosavljevi\u0107, S. Bromberg, D. Goodsell, Biological Physics: Energy, Information, Life (W.H. Freeman and Company, New York, 2014), p. xxvi, p. 630, p. 634."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.physchem.58.032806.104436"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0705898104"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10102545"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.2c03925"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1800671"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(16)30243-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268816000054"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.69314"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_64_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1005324"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_65_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.01030-15"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_66_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1415610111"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_67_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.2482804"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_68_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro1744"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_69_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0401567101"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_70_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.05349-11"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_71_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0050300"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_72_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C6AN02486F"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_73_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00475.2018"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_74_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1107\/S0021889807009624"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_75_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jth.13307"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_76_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2018.08.018"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_77_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13059-014-0550-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_78_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/omi.2011.0118"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_79_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xinn.2021.100141"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_80_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkaa970"}],"container-title":["Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1073\/pnas.2300644120","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,2]],"date-time":"2024-02-02T14:54:28Z","timestamp":1706885668000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/10.1073\/pnas.2300644120"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,2]]},"references-count":80,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1073\/pnas.2300644120"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.2300644120","relation":{},"ISSN":["0027-8424","1091-6490"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0027-8424","type":"print"},{"value":"1091-6490","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2023-01-14","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-10-28","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-02-02","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e2300644120"}}