{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T11:23:50Z","timestamp":1790681030957,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,30]],"date-time":"2023-05-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1685404800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"MOST | National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022YFA1405000"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFA1405000"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province, Major Project","award":["BK20212004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BK20212004"]}]},{"name":"Key Research and Development Program of Jiangsu Provincial Department of Science and Technology of China","award":["BE2019002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BE2019002"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Self-healing is a bioinspired strategy to repair damaged conductors under repetitive wear and tear, thereby largely extending the life span of electronic devices. The self-healing process often demands external triggering conditions as the practical challenges for the widespread applications. Here, a compliant conductor with electrically self-healing capability is introduced by combining ultrahigh sensitivity to minor damages and reliable recovery from ultrahigh tensile deformations. Conductive features are created in a scalable and low-cost fabrication process comprising a copper layer on top of liquid metal microcapsules. The efficient rupture of microcapsules is triggered by structural damages in the copper layer under stress conditions as a result of the strong interfacial interactions. The liquid metal is selectively filled into the damaged site for the instantaneous restoration of the metallic conductivity. The unique healing mechanism is responsive to various structural degradations including microcracks under bending conditions and severe fractures upon large stretching. The compliant conductor demonstrates high conductivity of \u223c12,000 S\/cm, ultrahigh stretchability of up to 1,200% strain, an ultralow threshold to activate the healing actions, instantaneous electrical recovery in microseconds, and exceptional electromechanical durability. Successful implementations in a light emitting diode (LED) matrix display and a multifunctional electronic patch demonstrate the practical suitability of the electrically self-healing conductor in flexible and stretchable electronics. The developments provide a promising approach to improving the self-healing capability of compliant conductors.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2300953120","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,30]],"date-time":"2023-05-30T13:31:38Z","timestamp":1685453498000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":70,"title":["Ultrasensitive and ultrastretchable electrically self-healing conductors"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"120","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9641-3501","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yanyan","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructure, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ting","family":"Fang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructure, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiaxue","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructure, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hangyu","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructure, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuping","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructure, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shaolei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructure, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6151-8557","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yanqing","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructure, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Intelligent Optical Sensing and Manipulation, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7339-7593","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Desheng","family":"Kong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructure, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11431-018-9388-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1557\/mrs.2016.325"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.200602223"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201700375"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1182383"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nmat4671"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms6747"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_2","unstructured":"U. Chung Ha Binodal wireless epidermal electronic systems with in-sensor analytics for neonatal intensive care. Science 363 eaau0780 (2019). eaau0780"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nnano.2016.38"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S. Wang Intrinsically stretchable electronics with ultrahigh deformability to monitor dynamically moving organs. Sci. Adv. 8 eabl5511 (2022). eabl5511","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abl5511"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201301921"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41928-020-0422-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C8CS00814K"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1557\/mrs.2012.48"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41928-019-0235-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201606339"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41565-018-0244-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nnano.2012.192"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-05238-w"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.progpolymsci.2013.08.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201200196"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature21002"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201606425"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jpcc.1c05859"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201605985"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matt.2020.03.016"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41565-019-0454-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201404790"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/nl202728j"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41563-018-0084-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201102888"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201706157"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.202005336"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.201903753"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-10061-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201800110"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-385001-0.00010-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2020.119719"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.8b07649"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C9NR05551G"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201903864"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/nl201764b"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nanoen.2020.104814"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.8b20460"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.langmuir.5b00871"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.9b17358"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.berh.2008.01.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2005.01.013"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201402987"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41528-021-00123-x"}],"container-title":["Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1073\/pnas.2300953120","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,21]],"date-time":"2023-09-21T09:27:42Z","timestamp":1695288462000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/10.1073\/pnas.2300953120"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,30]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"23","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1073\/pnas.2300953120"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.2300953120","relation":{},"ISSN":["0027-8424","1091-6490"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0027-8424","type":"print"},{"value":"1091-6490","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,30]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2023-01-18","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-04-28","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-05-30","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e2300953120"}}