{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,26]],"date-time":"2026-10-26T01:14:00Z","timestamp":1792977240841,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"42","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,9]],"date-time":"2023-10-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1696809600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"University of Manchester Wellcome Trust ISSF","award":["NA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NA"]}]},{"name":"Wellcome Trust Investigator Award","award":["210684\/Z\/18\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["210684\/Z\/18\/Z"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,17]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Experimental and interventional studies show that light can regulate sleep timing and sleepiness while awake by setting the phase of circadian rhythms and supporting alertness. The extent to which differences in light exposure explain variations in sleep and sleepiness within and between individuals in everyday life remains less clear. Here, we establish a method to address this deficit, incorporating an open-source wearable wrist-worn light logger (SpectraWear) and smartphone-based online data collection. We use it to simultaneously record longitudinal light exposure (in melanopic equivalent daylight illuminance), sleep timing, and subjective alertness over seven days in a convenience sample of 59 UK adults without externally imposed circadian challenge (e.g., shift work or jetlag). Participants reliably had strong daily rhythms in light exposure but frequently were exposed to less light during the daytime and more light in pre-bedtime and sleep episodes than recommended [T. M. Brown\n                    <jats:italic>et al.<\/jats:italic>\n                    , PLoS Biol.\n                    <jats:bold>20<\/jats:bold>\n                    , e3001571 (2022)]. Prior light exposure over several hours was associated with lower subjective sleepiness with, in particular, brighter light in the late sleep episode and after wake linked to reduced early morning sleepiness (sleep inertia). Higher pre-bedtime light exposure was associated with longer sleep onset latency. Early sleep timing was correlated with more reproducible and robust daily patterns of light exposure and higher daytime\/lower night-time light exposure. Our study establishes a method for collecting longitudinal sleep and health\/performance data in everyday life and provides evidence of associations between light exposure and important determinants of sleep health and performance.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2301608120","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,9]],"date-time":"2023-10-09T15:09:14Z","timestamp":1696864154000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":91,"title":["Associations between light exposure and sleep timing and sleepiness while awake in a sample of UK adults in everyday life"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"120","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5582-6956","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Altug","family":"Didikoglu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Biological Timing, Division of Neuroscience, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom"},{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, Izmir Institute of Technology, Gulbahce, Izmir 35430, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1737-1321","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Navid","family":"Mohammadian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical &amp; Electronic Engineering, School of Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sheena","family":"Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Thomas Ashton Institute, People, Management and Organisation Division, Alliance Manchester Business School, Faculty of Humanities, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martie","family":"van Tongeren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Thomas Ashton Institute, Centre for Occupational and Environmental Health, Division of Population Health, Health Services Research &amp; Primary Care, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4314-0754","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paul","family":"Wright","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical &amp; Electronic Engineering, School of Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1408-1190","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexander J.","family":"Casson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical &amp; Electronic Engineering, School of Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Timothy M.","family":"Brown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Biological Timing, Division of Diabetes Endocrinology and Gastroenterology, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1088-8029","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert J.","family":"Lucas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Biological Timing, Division of Neuroscience, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2013.06.039"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3940(91)90051-T"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/14771535221078765"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/26.6.695"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"B. Bano-Otalora Bright daytime light enhances circadian amplitude in a diurnal mammal. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 118 e2100094118 (2021). e2100094118","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2100094118"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2101591118"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15502724.2021.1872383"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2113290119"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.08.056"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"A. C. Burns Low daytime light and bright night-time light are associated with psychiatric disorders: An objective light study in >85 000 UK Biobank participants. medRxiv [Preprint] (2022) 10.1101\/2022.10.16.22280934 (Accessed 3 November 2022).","DOI":"10.1101\/2022.10.16.22280934"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-40914-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2015-4123"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1477153519885157"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2017.07.056"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_15_2","unstructured":"L. Schlangen Lighting for health and well-being in education work places nursing homes domestic applications and smart cities (2014)."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.765750"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-4328(00)00236-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7793.2000.00695.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2003.040477"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/29.4.462"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_21_2","first-page":"161","article-title":"Short-wavelength sensitivity for the direct effects of light on alertness, vigilance, and the waking electroencephalogram in humans","volume":"29","author":"Lockley S. W.","year":"2006","unstructured":"S. W. Lockley , Short-wavelength sensitivity for the direct effects of light on alertness, vigilance, and the waking electroencephalogram in humans. Sleep 29, 161\u2013168 (2006).","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0079688"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0748730418796036"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/clockssleep2010008"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2022.01.023"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jsr.13620"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0748730418757007"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1477153509355632"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2013.10.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_30_2","volume-title":"CIE. S 026\/E:2018. CIE System for Metrology of Optical Radiation for ipRGC-Influenced Responses to Light","author":"Anonymous","year":"2018","unstructured":"Anonymous, CIE. S 026\/E:2018. CIE System for Metrology of Optical Radiation for ipRGC-Influenced Responses to Light (CIE Central Bureau, Vienna, 2018)."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_31_2","unstructured":"N. Mohammadian A wrist worn Internet-of-Things sensor node for wearable equivalent daylight illuminance monitoring. TechRxiv [Preprint] (2023) 10.36227\/techrxiv.22811753.v1 (Accessed 16 May 2023)."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"E. Balajadia Usability and acceptability of a corneal-plane \u03b1-opic light logger in a 24-hour field trial. medRxiv [Preprint] (2023) 10.1101\/2023.04.17.23288692 (Accessed 25 April 2023).","DOI":"10.1101\/2023.04.17.23288692"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.3001571"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-75622-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/14771535221103258"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1418490112"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5665\/sleep.2894"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-52352-w"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00121.2005"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000477093"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2006.06.031"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5665\/sleep.3396"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0748730416659953"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0031-9384(93)90271-G"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0748730418796438"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1706694115"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00165.2011"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2011.226555"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1991.sp018660"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/07420528.2013.793196"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jsr.13558"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1901824116"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/zsab146"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/NSS.S287097"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cobeha.2019.06.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_56_2","first-page":"412","article-title":"Development of the ENLIGHT reporting guidelines for human laboratory-based light exposure interventions","volume":"4","author":"Spitschan M.","year":"2022","unstructured":"M. Spitschan, R. Najjar, E. McGlashan, R. Lok, R. Kervezee, Development of the ENLIGHT reporting guidelines for human laboratory-based light exposure interventions. Clocks Sleep 4, 412\u2013457 (2022).","journal-title":"Clocks Sleep"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1027\/1614-2241.1.3.86"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-1781(89)90047-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0748730402239679"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1249\/01.MSS.0000078924.61453.FB"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/clockssleep4040045"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/00207459008994241"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07420520500545979"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_64_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2004.11.039"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_65_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0501866102"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_66_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2014.06.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_67_2","unstructured":"A. Didikoglu R. J. Lucas T. M. Brown Data: Associations between light exposure and sleep timing and sleepiness while awake in a sample of UK adults in everyday life. University of Manchester. Dataset. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48420\/23786238.v1. Deposited 29 August 2023."}],"container-title":["Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1073\/pnas.2301608120","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,9]],"date-time":"2023-10-09T15:11:28Z","timestamp":1696864288000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/10.1073\/pnas.2301608120"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,9]]},"references-count":67,"journal-issue":{"issue":"42","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,17]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1073\/pnas.2301608120"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.2301608120","relation":{},"ISSN":["0027-8424","1091-6490"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0027-8424","type":"print"},{"value":"1091-6490","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2023-01-29","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-08-11","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-10-09","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e2301608120"}}