{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,5]],"date-time":"2026-09-05T11:07:17Z","timestamp":1788606437149,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"37","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,5]],"date-time":"2023-09-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1693872000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010269","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["200171\/Z\/15\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["200171\/Z\/15\/Z"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000268","name":"UKRI | Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BBS\/E\/I\/00007033 BBS\/E\/I\/00007038 and BBS\/E\/I\/00007039"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BBS\/E\/I\/00007033 BBS\/E\/I\/00007038 and BBS\/E\/I\/00007039"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000268","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Multiple viruses, including pathogenic viruses, bacteriophages, and even plant viruses, cause a phenomenon termed superinfection exclusion whereby a currently infected cell is resistant to secondary infection by the same or a closely related virus. In alphaviruses, this process is thought to be mediated, at least in part, by the viral protease (nsP2) which is responsible for processing the nonstructural polyproteins (P123 and P1234) into individual proteins (nsP1\u2013nsP4), forming the viral replication complex. Taking a synthetic biology approach, we mimicked this naturally occurring phenomenon by generating a superinfection exclusion-like state in\n                    <jats:italic>Aedes aegypti<\/jats:italic>\n                    mosquitoes, rendering them refractory to alphavirus infection. By artificially expressing Sindbis virus (SINV) and chikungunya virus (CHIKV) nsP2 in mosquito cells and transgenic mosquitoes, we demonstrated a reduction in both SINV and CHIKV viral replication rates in cells following viral infection as well as reduced infection prevalence, viral titers, and transmission potential in mosquitoes.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2303080120","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,5]],"date-time":"2023-09-05T13:52:22Z","timestamp":1693921942000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Mimicking superinfection exclusion disrupts alphavirus infection and transmission in the yellow fever mosquito\n                    <i>Aedes aegypti<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"120","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5386-0616","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christine M.","family":"Reitmayer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Arthropod Genetics, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking GU24 0NF, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emily","family":"Levitt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Arthropod Genetics, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking GU24 0NF, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2098-7423","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sanjay","family":"Basu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Arthropod Genetics, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking GU24 0NF, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1348-7204","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Barry","family":"Atkinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Arthropod Genetics, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking GU24 0NF, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rennos","family":"Fragkoudis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Arthropod Genetics, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking GU24 0NF, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8193-0071","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andres","family":"Merits","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Applied Virology, Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Tartu 50411, Estonia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8605-3650","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarah","family":"Lumley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Arthropod Genetics, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking GU24 0NF, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Will","family":"Larner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Arthropod Genetics, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking GU24 0NF, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8272-0428","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adriana V.","family":"Diaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Arthropod Genetics, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking GU24 0NF, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Rooney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Arthropod Genetics, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking GU24 0NF, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Callum J. E.","family":"Thomas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Arthropod Genetics, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking GU24 0NF, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katharina","family":"von Wyschetzki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Arthropod Genetics, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking GU24 0NF, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kai","family":"Rausalu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Applied Virology, Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Tartu 50411, Estonia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2916-3802","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luke","family":"Alphey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Arthropod Genetics, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking GU24 0NF, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.54.2.351-357.1985"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00310-12"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.177.11.3080-3086.1995"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2005.02.058"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02465-13"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.71.9.7119-7123.1997"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.62.1.346-348.1988"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.30.1.45-55.1979"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.11.4.592-595.1973"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/jgv.0.001072"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0241592"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1204787109"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/jgv.0.000694"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/jgv.0.001344"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_15_2","volume-title":"Fields\u2019 Virology","author":"Griffin D. E.","year":"2007","unstructured":"D. E. Griffin, P. M. Howley, D. M. Knipe, Fields\u2019 Virology (Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2007)."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_16_2","first-page":"471","article-title":"Re-emergence of Chikungunya and O\u2019nyong-nyong viruses: Evidence for distinct geographical lineages and distant evolutionary relationships","volume":"81","author":"Powers A. M.","year":"2000","unstructured":"A. M. Powers, A. C. Brault, R. B. Tesh, S. C. Weaver, Re-emergence of Chikungunya and O\u2019nyong-nyong viruses: Evidence for distinct geographical lineages and distant evolutionary relationships. J. Gen. Virol. 81, 471\u2013479 (2000).","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v14061327"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.77.7.4283-4290.2003"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13550280701393204"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1460-2075.1994.tb06587.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.68.3.1874-1885.1994"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cels.2020.12.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.63.11.4653-4664.1989"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v12111259"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00370-14"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0001168"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1008103"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0600479103"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-03229-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1008825"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6822(92)90268-T"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01388-18"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02739-05"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.64.5.1888-1896.1990"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6822(92)90570-F"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.83320-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.97.22.11984"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2583.2010.01005.x","article-title":"Validation of novel promoter sequences derived from two endogenous ubiquitin genes in transgenic Aedes aegypti","volume":"19","author":"Anderson M. A.","year":"2010","unstructured":"M. A. Anderson, T. L. Gross, K. M. Myles, Z. N. Adelman, Validation of novel promoter sequences derived from two endogenous ubiquitin genes in transgenic Aedes aegypti. Insect. Mol. Biol. 19, 441\u2013449 (2010).","journal-title":"Insect. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.80.1.360-371.2006"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mr.58.3.491-562.1994"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.88.20.8967"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.05195-11"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"V. Lulla Timeliness of proteolytic events is prerequisite for efficient functioning of the alphaviral replicase. J. Virol. 92 e00151-18 (2018). e00151-18","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00151-18"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.1995.1447"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v6125182"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-5-264"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-017-0011-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.62.6.2124-2133.1988"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M113.503433"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00794-19"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1000251107"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0007579"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0121097"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2583.2012.01146.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-021-02236-5"}],"container-title":["Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1073\/pnas.2303080120","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,20]],"date-time":"2023-12-20T21:44:47Z","timestamp":1703108687000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/10.1073\/pnas.2303080120"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,5]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"37","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1073\/pnas.2303080120"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.2303080120","relation":{},"ISSN":["0027-8424","1091-6490"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0027-8424","type":"print"},{"value":"1091-6490","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2023-02-22","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-07-13","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-09-05","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e2303080120"}}