{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T16:54:25Z","timestamp":1781110465883,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,15]],"date-time":"2023-05-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1684108800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000057","name":"HHS | NIH | National Institute of General Medical Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R35GM139484"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R35GM139484"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000057","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,23]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Because human same-sex sexual behavior (SSB) is heritable and leads to fewer offspring, it is puzzling why SSB-associated alleles have not been selectively purged. Current evidence supports the antagonistic pleiotropy hypothesis that SSB-associated alleles benefit individuals exclusively performing opposite-sex sexual behavior by increasing their number of sexual partners and consequently their number of offspring. However, by analyzing the UK Biobank, here, we show that having more sexual partners no longer predicts more offspring since the availability of oral contraceptives in the 1960s and that SSB is now genetically negatively correlated with the number of offspring, suggesting a loss of SSB\u2019s genetic maintenance in modern societies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2303418120","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,15]],"date-time":"2023-05-15T15:15:35Z","timestamp":1684163735000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Contraception ends the genetic maintenance of human same-sex sexual behavior"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"120","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4658-5062","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Siliang","family":"Song","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6141-1290","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jianzhi","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aat7693"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10508-008-9386-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2009.03.014"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41562-021-01168-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1606800113"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0021932006001441"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsbl.2011.0478"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2020.07.040"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/deac011"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/0032472031000146986"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-018-0579-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.3406"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jhmas\/57.2.117"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2010.300013"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.24072\/pcjournal.247"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)62035-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","unstructured":"UK Biobank https:\/\/www.ukbiobank.ac.uk\/. Accessed 1 September 2020."}],"container-title":["Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1073\/pnas.2303418120","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,21]],"date-time":"2023-09-21T09:19:08Z","timestamp":1695287948000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/10.1073\/pnas.2303418120"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,15]]},"references-count":17,"journal-issue":{"issue":"21","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,23]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1073\/pnas.2303418120"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.2303418120","relation":{},"ISSN":["0027-8424","1091-6490"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0027-8424","type":"print"},{"value":"1091-6490","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,15]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2023-02-28","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-04-24","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-05-15","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e2303418120"}}