{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]],"date-time":"2026-07-06T19:25:32Z","timestamp":1783365932577,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"38","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,11]],"date-time":"2023-09-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1694390400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003803","name":"The University of Hong Kong","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["2201100473"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2201100473"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003803","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003787","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["E2020201035"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["E2020201035"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003787","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,19]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Low-grade wind with airspeed\n                    <jats:italic>V<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>wind<\/jats:sub>\n                    &lt; 5 m\/s, while distributed far more abundantly, is still challenging to extract because current turbine-based technologies require particular geography (e.g., wide-open land or off-shore regions) with year-round\n                    <jats:italic>V<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>wind<\/jats:sub>\n                    &gt; 5 m\/s to effectively rotate the blades. Here, we report that low-speed airflow can sensitively enable directional flow within nanowire-anchored ionic liquid (IL) drops. Specifically, wind-induced air\/liquid friction continuously raises directional leeward fluid transport in the upper portion, whereas three-phase contact line (TCL) pinning blocks further movement of IL. To remove excessive accumulation of IL near TCL, fluid dives, and headwind flow forms in the lower portion, as confirmed by microscope observation. Such stratified circulating flow within single drop can generate voltage output up to ~0.84 V, which we further scale up to ~60 V using drop \u201cwind farms\u201d. Our results demonstrate a technology to tap the widespread low-grade wind as a reliable energy resource.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2303466120","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,11]],"date-time":"2023-09-11T15:07:41Z","timestamp":1694444861000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Low-grade wind-driven directional flow in anchored droplets"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"120","author":[{"given":"Shan","family":"Peng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Inorganic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Analytical Science and Technology of Hebei Province, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei 071002, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Binglin","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil Engineering and Transportation, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2214-8781","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yanlei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Ionic Liquids Clean Process, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mi","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Ionic Liquids Clean Process, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoxin","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Inorganic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Analytical Science and Technology of Hebei Province, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei 071002, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoyu","family":"Ji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Inorganic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Analytical Science and Technology of Hebei Province, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei 071002, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chenyang","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Inorganic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Analytical Science and Technology of Hebei Province, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei 071002, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4247-2319","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gang","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dianyu","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruiran","family":"Hao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Environmental Engineering, Yellow River Conservancy Technical Institute, Kaifeng 475004, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1956-9769","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mingzhan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago IL 60637"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nan","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil Engineering and Transportation, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China"},{"name":"Pazhou Lab., Guangzhou 510005, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1291-2771","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hongyan","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Ionic Liquids Clean Process, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"},{"name":"Longzihu New Energy Laboratory, Zhengzhou Institute of Emerging Industrial Technology, Zhengzhou 451150, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8490-5349","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yulong","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7175-8316","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shuang","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_1_2","unstructured":"Statistical Review of World Statistical review of world energy 70th edition (2021). 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Zigler N. E. Selin Impacts of wind power on air quality premature mortality and exposure disparities in the United States. Sci. Adv. 8 eabn8762 (2022). eabn8762","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abn8762"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41560-022-00979-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41560-018-0137-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"R. Hara \u201cPrediction of wind power generation output and network operation\u201d in Integration of Distributed Energy Resources in Power System T. Funabashi Ed. (Academic Press 2016) chap. 5.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-803212-1.00005-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"V. Patel D. Guha S. Purwar Disturbance Observer-Aided Adaptive Sliding Mode Controller for Frequency Regulation in Hybrid Power System (Academic Press 2022) chap. 2.","DOI":"10.1504\/IJAAC.2023.129387"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1602253113"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_17_2","first-page":"146","article-title":"Low speed wind turbines for power generation: A review","volume":"67","author":"Venkatramakrishnan S. R.","year":"2020","unstructured":"S. R. Venkatramakrishnan, J. Pandey, A. K. Mondal, A. Karn, Low speed wind turbines for power generation: A review. J. Adv. Res. Fluid. Therm. Sci. 67, 146\u2013169 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Adv. Res. Fluid. Therm. Sci."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3847\/1538-4357\/ab72a8"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41560-020-00773-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"P. Sherman X. Chen M. McElroy Offshore wind: An opportunity for cost-competitive decarbonization of China\u2019s energy economy. Sci. 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Hu Y. Ma G. Ren B. Zhang S. Zhou Water evaporation-induced electricity with geobacter sulfurreducens biofilms. Sci. 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