{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T16:11:43Z","timestamp":1790698303338,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"24","content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2000,11,21]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    The African trypanosome,\n                    <jats:italic>Trypanosoma brucei<\/jats:italic>\n                    , has\n been shown to undergo genetic exchange in the laboratory, but\n controversy exists as to the role of genetic exchange in natural\n populations. Much of the analysis to date has been derived from\n isoenzyme or randomly amplified polymorphic DNA data with parasite\n material from a range of hosts and geographical locations. These\n markers fail to distinguish between the human infective (\n                    <jats:italic>T. b.\n rhodesiense<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) and nonhuman infective (\n                    <jats:italic>T. b.\n brucei<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) \u201csubspecies\u201d so that parasites derived from hosts\n other than humans potentially contain both subspecies. To overcome some\n of the inherent problems with the use of such markers and diverse\n populations, we have analyzed a well-defined population from a discrete\n geographical location (Busoga, Uganda) using three recently described\n minisatellite markers. The parasites were primarily isolated from\n humans and cattle with the latter isolates further characterized by\n their ability to resist lysis by human serum (equivalent to human\n infectivity). The minisatellite markers show high levels of\n polymorphism, and from the data obtained we conclude that\n                    <jats:italic>T. b.\n rhodesiense<\/jats:italic>\n                    is genetically isolated from\n                    <jats:italic>T. b.\n brucei<\/jats:italic>\n                    and can be unambiguously identified by its multilocus\n genotype. Analysis of the genotype frequencies in the separated\n                    <jats:italic>T. b. brucei<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>T. b. rhodesiense<\/jats:italic>\n                    populations shows the former has an epidemic population structure\n whereas the latter is clonal. This finding suggests that the strong\n linkage disequilibrium observed in previous analyses, where human and\n nonhuman infective trypanosomes were not distinguished, results from\n the treatment of two genetically isolated populations as a single\n population.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.230434097","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,26]],"date-time":"2002-07-26T10:41:48Z","timestamp":1027680108000},"page":"13442-13447","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":95,"title":["Minisatellite marker analysis of\n                    <i>Trypanosoma brucei<\/i>\n                    : Reconciliation of clonal, panmictic, and epidemic population genetic structures"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"97","author":[{"given":"Annette","family":"MacLeod","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Wellcome Centre of Molecular Parasitology, Anderson College,\r University of Glasgow, 56, Dumbarton Road, Glasgow, G11 6NU, United\r Kingdom; Centre for Tropical Veterinary Medicine,\r University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, United\r Kingdom; and Division of Infection and Immunity,\r Institute of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Joseph Black Building,\r University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alison","family":"Tweedie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wellcome Centre of Molecular Parasitology, Anderson College,\r University of Glasgow, 56, Dumbarton Road, Glasgow, G11 6NU, United\r Kingdom; Centre for Tropical Veterinary Medicine,\r University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, United\r Kingdom; and Division of Infection and Immunity,\r Institute of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Joseph Black Building,\r University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susan C.","family":"Welburn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wellcome Centre of Molecular Parasitology, Anderson College,\r University of Glasgow, 56, Dumbarton Road, Glasgow, G11 6NU, United\r Kingdom; Centre for Tropical Veterinary Medicine,\r University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, United\r Kingdom; and Division of Infection and Immunity,\r Institute of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Joseph Black Building,\r University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ian","family":"Maudlin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wellcome Centre of Molecular Parasitology, Anderson College,\r University of Glasgow, 56, Dumbarton Road, Glasgow, G11 6NU, United\r Kingdom; Centre for Tropical Veterinary Medicine,\r University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, United\r Kingdom; and Division of Infection and Immunity,\r Institute of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Joseph Black Building,\r University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C. Michael R.","family":"Turner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wellcome Centre of Molecular Parasitology, Anderson College,\r University of Glasgow, 56, Dumbarton Road, Glasgow, G11 6NU, United\r Kingdom; Centre for Tropical Veterinary Medicine,\r University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, United\r Kingdom; and Division of Infection and Immunity,\r Institute of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Joseph Black Building,\r University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andy","family":"Tait","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wellcome Centre of Molecular Parasitology, Anderson College,\r University of Glasgow, 56, Dumbarton Road, Glasgow, G11 6NU, United\r Kingdom; Centre for Tropical Veterinary Medicine,\r University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, United\r Kingdom; and Division of Infection and Immunity,\r Institute of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Joseph Black Building,\r University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2000,11,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_2","volume-title":"The Trypanosomes of Mammals","author":"Hoare C A","year":"1972","unstructured":"C A Hoare The Trypanosomes of Mammals (Blackwell, Oxford, 1972)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000077805"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/322173a0"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000060571"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-6851(94)00017-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/287536a0"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.87.7.2414"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.90.10.4384"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(98)00416-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(08)60104-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00034983.1973.11686861"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000049040"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-6851(99)00101-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/354204a0"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-6851(95)02528-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/00221287-143-3-909"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","first-page":"341","volume":"23","author":"Nei M","year":"1978","unstructured":"M Nei Genetics 23, 341\u2013369 (1978).","journal-title":"Genetics"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-6851(81)90011-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(08)60400-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4894(91)90089-F"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000058315"}],"container-title":["Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1073\/pnas.230434097","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,25]],"date-time":"2022-04-25T19:58:51Z","timestamp":1650916731000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/full\/10.1073\/pnas.230434097"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2000,11,14]]},"references-count":21,"journal-issue":{"issue":"24","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2000,11,21]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1073\/pnas.230434097"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.230434097","relation":{},"ISSN":["0027-8424","1091-6490"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0027-8424","type":"print"},{"value":"1091-6490","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2000,11,14]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2000-05-17","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2000-09-11","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2000-11-14","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}