{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,4]],"date-time":"2026-11-04T19:51:16Z","timestamp":1793821876466,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"39","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,19]],"date-time":"2023-09-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1695081600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"MOST | National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42007113"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42007113"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"MOST | National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42277258"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42277258"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Outstanding Youth Foud of Natural Science Foundation of Heilongjiang","award":["YQ2021D001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["YQ2021D001"]}]},{"name":"Strategic Pilot Project of Science and Technology in CAS","award":["XDA28010502"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XDA28010502"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"The Joint Funds of the National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["U21A20238"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U21A20238"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,26]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Nanosized zero-valent iron (nZVI) is a promising persulfate (PS) activator, however, its structurally dense oxide shell seriously inhibited electrons transfer for O-O bond cleavage of PS. Herein, we introduced sulfidation and phosphorus-doped biochar for breaking the pristine oxide shell with formation of FeS and FePO\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    -containing mixed shell. In this case, the faster diffusion rate of iron atoms compared to shell components triggered multiple Kirkendall effects, causing inward fluxion of vacancies with further coalescing into radial nanocracks. Exemplified by trichloroethylene (TCE) removal, such a unique \u201clemon-slice-like\u201d nanocrack structure favored fast outward transfer of electrons and ferrous ions across the mixed shell to PS activation for high-efficient generation and utilization of reactive species, as evidenced by effective dechlorination (90.6%) and mineralization (85.4%) of TCE.\n                    <jats:inline-formula>\n                      <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" display=\"inline\" overflow=\"scroll\">\n                        <mml:msubsup>\n                          <mml:mi mathvariant=\"normal\">O<\/mml:mi>\n                          <mml:mn>2<\/mml:mn>\n                          <mml:mrow>\n                            <mml:mo>\u2022<\/mml:mo>\n                            <mml:mo>-<\/mml:mo>\n                          <\/mml:mrow>\n                        <\/mml:msubsup>\n                      <\/mml:math>\n                    <\/jats:inline-formula>\n                    contributed most to TCE decomposition, moreover, the SnZVI@PBC gradually became electron-deficient and thus extracted electrons from TCE with achieving nonradical-based degradation. Compared to nZVI\/PS process, the SnZVI@PBC\/PS system could significantly reduce catalyst dosage (87.5%) and PS amount (68.8%) to achieve nearly complete TCE degradation, and was anti-interference, stable, and pH-universal. This study advanced mechanistic understandings of multiple Kirkendall effects-triggered nanocrack formation on nZVI with corresponding rational design of Fenton-like catalysts for organics degradation.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2304552120","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,19]],"date-time":"2023-09-19T13:39:21Z","timestamp":1695130761000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":165,"title":["A multiple Kirkendall strategy for converting nanosized zero-valent iron to highly active Fenton-like catalyst for organics degradation"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"120","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6799-4949","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jianhua","family":"Qu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Resources and Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-7646-4391","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhuoran","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Resources and Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0584-0303","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fuxuan","family":"Bi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Resources and Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4772-6928","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiubo","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Resources and Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bo","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Resources and Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6457-9387","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kaige","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Resources and Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6501-8744","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Siqi","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Resources and Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2503-953X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mingze","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0341-5901","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jun","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8299-3848","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ying","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Resources and Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Black Soils Conservation and Utilization, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130102, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.1c03758"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.8b01662"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2022.118676"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10643389.2023.2168473"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.1c01618"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.7b06560"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.1c08671"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.9b04210"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_2","first-page":"12801","article-title":"Architectural genesis of metal(loid)s with iron nanoparticle in water","volume":"55","author":"Li J. X.","year":"2021","unstructured":"J. X. Li, X. H. Guan, W. X. Zhang, Architectural genesis of metal(loid)s with iron nanoparticle in water. Environ. Sci. Technol. 55, 12801\u201312808 (2021).","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.9b00443"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.7b06724"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-10623-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.0c02891"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsestwater.2c00080"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.202104586"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-24428-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2015.01.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acssuschemeng.7b02787"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.0c07319"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.1c08282"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apcatb.2019.118303"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.2c00684"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s42773-023-00237-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apcatb.2021.120926"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2022.126801"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2019.122739"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.microc.2021.106152"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.7b01896"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202109145"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201905107"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2020.125321"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.1c08282"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acssuschemeng.9b07122"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acssuschemeng.7b02787"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.6b03997"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/es501607s"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/am200016v"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2018.02.017"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seppur.2020.117357"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/nn204476h"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/c1sm05694h"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfatigue.2017.11.010"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.2c00742"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-23429-w"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2020.116688"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.0c03879"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2022.137746"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201705703"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2023.143510"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.1c02340"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2022.128534"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2007838117"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2114138119"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccr.2022.214467"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms14873"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.1c05374"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apcatb.2022.121359"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.1c04600"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.9b05488"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apcatb.2021.120714"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2017.05.156"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2216879120"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2023.119843"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_64_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apcatb.2021.120832"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_65_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2019.122828"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_66_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.8b01817"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_67_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apcatb.2022.121639"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_68_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apcatb.2022.121345"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_69_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apcatb.2022.121611"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_70_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2021.127254"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_71_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.1c00375"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_72_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apcatb.2021.120532"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_73_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.2c00686"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_74_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.8b02399"}],"container-title":["Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1073\/pnas.2304552120","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,21]],"date-time":"2023-09-21T09:33:13Z","timestamp":1695288793000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/10.1073\/pnas.2304552120"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,19]]},"references-count":74,"journal-issue":{"issue":"39","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,26]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1073\/pnas.2304552120"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.2304552120","relation":{},"ISSN":["0027-8424","1091-6490"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0027-8424","type":"print"},{"value":"1091-6490","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,19]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2023-03-20","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-07-17","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-09-19","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e2304552120"}}