{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T00:25:42Z","timestamp":1793060742220,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"33","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,7]],"date-time":"2023-08-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1691366400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100017649","name":"Hong Kong Government","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CHP-CE-03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CHP-CE-03"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100017649","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100017649","name":"Hong Kong Government","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["T11-712\/19-N"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T11-712\/19-N"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100017649","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Honh Kong Government","award":["17104220"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["17104220"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>There has long been controversy over the potential for asymptomatic cases of the influenza virus to have the capacity for onward transmission, but recognition of asymptomatic transmission of COVID-19 stimulates further research into this topic. Here, we develop a Bayesian methodology to analyze detailed data from a large cohort of 727 households and 2515 individuals in the 2009 pandemic influenza A(H1N1) outbreak in Hong Kong to characterize household transmission dynamics and to estimate the relative infectiousness of asymptomatic versus symptomatic influenza cases. The posterior probability that asymptomatic cases [36% of cases; 95% credible interval (CrI): 32%, 40%] are less infectious than symptomatic cases is 0.82, with estimated relative infectiousness 0.57 (95% CrI: 0.11, 1.54). More data are required to strengthen our understanding of the contribution of asymptomatic cases to the spread of influenza.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2304750120","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,7]],"date-time":"2023-08-07T15:11:27Z","timestamp":1691421087000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Reconstructing household transmission dynamics to estimate the infectiousness of asymptomatic influenza virus infections"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"120","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5037-6776","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tim K.","family":"Tsang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"WHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China"},{"name":"Laboratory of Data Discovery for Health Limited, Hong Kong Science and Technology Park, New Territories, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Can","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"WHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vicky J.","family":"Fang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"WHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ranawaka A. P. M.","family":"Perera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"WHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China"},{"name":"HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3119-1527","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hau Chi","family":"So","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"WHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dennis K. 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