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U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,23]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The development of vaccines, which induce effective immune responses while ensuring safety and affordability, remains a substantial challenge. In this study, we proposed a vaccine model of a restructured \u201chead-to-tail\u201d dimer to efficiently stimulate B cell response. We also demonstrate the feasibility of using this model to develop a paramyxovirus vaccine through a low-cost rice endosperm expression system. Crystal structure and small-angle X-ray scattering data showed that the restructured hemagglutinin\u2013neuraminidase (HN) formed tetramers with fully exposed quadruple receptor binding domains and neutralizing epitopes. In comparison with the original HN antigen and three traditional commercial whole virus vaccines, the restructured HN facilitated critical epitope exposure and initiated a faster and more potent immune response. Two-dose immunization with 0.5 \u03bcg of the restructured antigen (equivalent to one-127th of a rice grain) and one-dose with 5 \u03bcg completely protected chickens against a lethal challenge of the virus. These results demonstrate that the restructured HN from transgenic rice seeds is safe, effective, low-dose useful, and inexpensive. 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