{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T12:40:42Z","timestamp":1791981642880,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":88,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,11]],"date-time":"2024-03-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1710115200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"MOST | National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022YFC3105304"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFC3105304"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"MOST | National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["72303136"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["72303136"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,19]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Addressing the total energy cost burden of elderly people is essential for designing equitable and effective energy policies, especially in responding to energy crisis in an aging society. It is due to the double impact of energy price hikes on households\u2014through direct impact on fuel bills and indirect impact on the prices of goods and services consumed. However, while examining the household energy cost burden of the elderly, their indirect energy consumption and associated cost burden remain poorly understood. This study quantifies and compares the direct and indirect energy footprints and associated total energy cost burdens for different age groups across 31 developed countries. It reveals that the elderly have larger per capita energy footprints, resulting from higher levels of both direct and indirect energy consumption compared with the younger age groups. More importantly, the elderly, especially the low-income elderly, have a higher total energy cost burden rate. As the share of elderly in the total population rapidly grows in these countries, the larger per capita energy footprint and associated cost burden rate of elderly people would make these aging countries more vulnerable in times of energy crises. It is therefore crucial to develop policies that aim to reduce energy consumption and costs, improve energy efficiency, and support low-income elderly populations. Such policies are necessary to reduce the vulnerability of these aging countries to the energy crisis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2306771121","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,11]],"date-time":"2024-03-11T15:01:05Z","timestamp":1710169265000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":63,"title":["Higher total energy costs strain the elderly, especially low-income, across 31 developed countries"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"121","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0465-4098","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peipei","family":"Tian","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Blue and Green Development, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5139-444X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kuishuang","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geographical Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD20742"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7784-7942","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laixiang","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geographical Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD20742"},{"name":"School of Finance &amp; Management, SOAS University of London, London WC1H 0XG, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2561-6090","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Klaus","family":"Hubacek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Integrated Research on Energy, Environment and Society, Energy and Sustainability Research Institute Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen 9747 AG, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniele","family":"Malerba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"German Institute of Development and Sustainability, Bonn D-53113, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1236-6037","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Honglin","family":"Zhong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Blue and Green Development, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0818-7933","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Heran","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Bartlett School of Sustainable Construction, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Blue and Green Development, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5634-4203","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ning","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Blue and Green Development, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China"},{"name":"Department of Land Economy, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1TN, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2915-4770","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiashuo","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Blue and Green Development, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_1_2","volume-title":"Global Energy Crisis","author":"IEA","year":"2022","unstructured":"IEA, Global Energy Crisis (IEA, 2022)."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41560-023-01209-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2015.03.013"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.erss.2022.102790"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_2","volume-title":"World Population Prospects 2019","author":"Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division, United Nations","year":"2019","unstructured":"Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division, United Nations, World Population Prospects 2019 (United Nations, 2019)."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature06516"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41558-022-01302-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0360-5442(78)90077-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1787\/b6d3dcfc-en"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"G. Carone P. Eckefeldt L. Giamboni V. Laine S. Pamies \u201cPension reforms in the EU since the early 2000\u2019s: Achievements and challenges ahead\u201d in European Economy Discussion Paper (2016).","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.2964933"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.20160921"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/21699763.2013.836980"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_13_2","first-page":"37","article-title":"Risk of poverty among older people in EU countries","volume":"14","author":"Antczak R.","year":"2016","unstructured":"R. Antczak, A. Zaidi, Risk of poverty among older people in EU countries. CESifo DICE Rep. 14, 37\u201346 (2016).","journal-title":"CESifo DICE Rep."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2019.04.019"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eneco.2017.04.025"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2018.03.026"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.erss.2020.101611"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.erss.2021.102022"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00191-021-00730-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/wcc.327"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolecon.2015.04.028"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolecon.2017.08.024"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2016.06.083"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.erss.2019.05.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/JES-04-2013-0046"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11111-010-0101-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2210853119"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_28_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"A definition of \u2018carbon footprint\u2019","volume":"1","author":"Wiedmann T.","year":"2008","unstructured":"T. Wiedmann, J. Minx, A definition of \u2018carbon footprint\u2019. Ecol. Econ. Res. Trends 1, 1\u201311 (2008).","journal-title":"Ecol. Econ. Res. Trends"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41560-020-0579-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2014.04.089"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301-4215(01)00119-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.erss.2014.12.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41893-021-00842-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eneco.2006.07.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1004581107"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10640-020-00521-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2016.06.083"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41893-019-0385-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5964\/ejop.v13i1.1202"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_40_2","volume-title":"World Energy Outlook","author":"IEA","year":"2015","unstructured":"IEA, World Energy Outlook (IEA, 2015)."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/pnasnexus\/pgad209"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2011.07.150"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2005.12.011"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_44_2","volume-title":"Housing America\u2019s Older Adults 2018","author":"JCHS","year":"2018","unstructured":"JCHS, Housing America\u2019s Older Adults 2018 (JCHS, 2018)."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s42949-021-00023-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41560-020-0582-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41560-021-00932-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_48_2","volume-title":"Surging Energy Prices in Europe in the Aftermath of the War: How to Support the Vulnerable and Speed up the Transition Away from Fossil Fuels","author":"Ari M. A.","year":"2022","unstructured":"M. A. Ari , Surging Energy Prices in Europe in the Aftermath of the War: How to Support the Vulnerable and Speed up the Transition Away from Fossil Fuels (International Monetary Fund, 2022)."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_49_2","volume-title":"National Policies to Shield Consumers from Rising Energy Prices","author":"Sgaravatti G.","year":"2021","unstructured":"G. Sgaravatti, S. Tagliapietra, G. Zachmann, National Policies to Shield Consumers from Rising Energy Prices (Bruegel Datasets, 2021)."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2018.05.079"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.erss.2021.102351"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_52_2","volume-title":"Older Workers Are Being Pushed Out of the Job Market","author":"Forbes","year":"2021","unstructured":"Forbes, Older Workers Are Being Pushed Out of the Job Market (Forbes, 2021)."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jrurstud.2015.12.013"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jrurstud.2020.10.053"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0309132519898254"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2013.02.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41561-018-0113-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511626982"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2021.119891"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2016.11.151"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jiec.12371"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jiec.12715"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0301-4215(75)90035-X"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_64_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eneco.2016.11.020"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_65_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eneco.2021.105550"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_66_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41893-021-00758-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_67_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2018.04.116"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_68_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2015.05.072"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_69_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2015.07.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_70_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41561-018-0161-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_71_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2022.113315"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_72_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/su7010138"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_73_2","volume-title":"Energy Prices","author":"IEA","year":"2023","unstructured":"IEA, Energy Prices (IEA, 2023)."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_74_2","volume-title":"Gasoline Explained Factors Affecting Gasoline Prices","author":"EIA","year":"2023","unstructured":"EIA, Gasoline Explained Factors Affecting Gasoline Prices (EIA, 2023)."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_75_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2019.04.160"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_76_2","volume-title":"Household Budget Surveys","author":"Eurostat","year":"2023","unstructured":"Eurostat, Household Budget Surveys (Eurostat, 2023)."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_77_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/sus.2021.1"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_78_2","volume-title":"Population Aging in India: Facts, Issues, and Options","author":"Agarwal A.","year":"2020","unstructured":"A. Agarwal, A. Lubet, E. Mitgang, S. Mohanty, D. E. Bloom, Population Aging in India: Facts, Issues, and Options (Springer, 2020)."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_79_2","first-page":"808","article-title":"Gender and family in contemporary China","volume":"13","author":"Xie Y.","year":"2013","unstructured":"Y. Xie, Gender and family in contemporary China. Popul. Stud. Cent. Res. Rep. 13, 808 (2013).","journal-title":"Popul. Stud. Cent. Res. Rep."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_80_2","unstructured":"K. Stadler EXIOBASE 3 [Data set]. Zenodo. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5281\/zenodo.5589597. Accessed 16 August 2022."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_81_2","unstructured":"IEA The Energy Prices IEA Data products. https:\/\/www.iea.org\/data-and-statistics\/data-product\/energy-prices. Accessed 1 August 2023."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_82_2","unstructured":"Trading Economics Commodities prices Trading Economics. https:\/\/tradingeconomics.com\/commodities. Accessed 15 December 2022."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_83_2","unstructured":"Eurostat Household budget surveys Eurostat. https:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/eurostat\/web\/household-budget-surveys\/database. Accessed 15 December 2021."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_84_2","unstructured":"U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics Consumer expenditure survey BLS. https:\/\/www.bls.gov\/cex\/csxstnd.htm. Accessed 15 December 2021."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_85_2","unstructured":"Statistics Bureau of Japan Family Income and Expenditure Survey Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications. https:\/\/www.stat.go.jp\/english\/data\/sousetai\/1.html. Accessed 15 December 2021."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_86_2","unstructured":"Australian Bureau of Statistics Household Expenditure Survey ABS. https:\/\/www.abs.gov.au\/statistics\/economy\/finance\/household-expenditure-survey-australia-summary-results. Accessed 15 December 2021."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_87_2","unstructured":"Office for National Statistics (UK) Personal and household finances ONS. https:\/\/www.ons.gov.uk\/peoplepopulationandcommunity\/personalandhouseholdfinances\/expenditure. Accessed 15 December 2021."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_88_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"P. Tian Higher total energy costs strain the elderly especially low-income across 31 developed countries. GitHub. https:\/\/github.com\/PeipeiTian\/Aging-society-and-energy-cost-burden. Deposited 14 September 2023.","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2306771121"}],"container-title":["Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1073\/pnas.2306771121","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,13]],"date-time":"2024-11-13T22:37:42Z","timestamp":1731537462000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/10.1073\/pnas.2306771121"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,11]]},"references-count":88,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,19]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1073\/pnas.2306771121"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.2306771121","relation":{},"ISSN":["0027-8424","1091-6490"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0027-8424","type":"print"},{"value":"1091-6490","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2023-04-25","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-01-17","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-03-11","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e2306771121"}}