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Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,21]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Marine phytoplankton are primary producers in ocean ecosystems and emit dimethyl sulfide (DMS) into the atmosphere. DMS emissions are the largest biological source of atmospheric sulfur and are one of the largest uncertainties in global climate modeling. DMS is oxidized to methanesulfonic acid (MSA), sulfur dioxide, and hydroperoxymethyl thioformate, all of which can be oxidized to sulfate. Ice core records of MSA are used to investigate past DMS emissions but rely on the implicit assumption that the relative yield of oxidation products from DMS remains constant. However, this assumption is uncertain because there are no long-term records that compare MSA to other DMS oxidation products. Here, we share the first long-term record of both MSA and DMS-derived biogenic sulfate concentration in Greenland ice core samples from 1200 to 2006 CE. While MSA declines on average by 0.2 \u00b5g S kg\n                    <jats:sup>\u20131<\/jats:sup>\n                    over the industrial era, biogenic sulfate from DMS increases by 0.8 \u00b5g S kg\n                    <jats:sup>\u20131<\/jats:sup>\n                    . This increasing biogenic sulfate contradicts previous assertions of declining North Atlantic primary productivity inferred from decreasing MSA concentrations in Greenland ice cores over the industrial era. The changing ratio of MSA to biogenic sulfate suggests that trends in MSA could be caused by time-varying atmospheric chemistry and that MSA concentrations alone should not be used to infer past primary productivity.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2307587120","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,17]],"date-time":"2023-11-17T13:27:09Z","timestamp":1700227629000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Industrial-era decline in Arctic methanesulfonic acid is offset by increased biogenic sulfate aerosol"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"120","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9482-4857","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ursula A.","family":"Jongebloed","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 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98195"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shana R.","family":"Edouard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2175-2538","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lei","family":"Geng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Deep Space Exploration Laboratory, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China 230052"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Becky","family":"Alexander","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 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ozone assessment report: Present-day distribution and trends of tropospheric ozone relevant to climate and global atmospheric chemistry model evaluation","volume":"6","author":"Gaudel A.","year":"2018","unstructured":"A. Gaudel , Tropospheric ozone assessment report: Present-day distribution and trends of tropospheric ozone relevant to climate and global atmospheric chemistry model evaluation. 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D.","year":"1989","unstructured":"C. D. Keeling , \u201cA three-dimensional model of atmospheric CO2 transport based on observed winds: 1. Analysis of observational data\u201d in Aspects of Climate Variability in the Pacific and the Western Americas, D. H. Peterson, Ed. (AGU, 1989), pp. 165\u2013236."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1312956110"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-11-3565-2011"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-12-407-2012"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/2016GL069482"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-48801-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/essd-12-3413-2020"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.232.4753.975"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"R. von Glasow P. J. Crutzen Model study of multiphase DMS oxidation with a focus on halogens. Atmos. Chem. 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Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change","author":"Szopa S.","year":"2021","unstructured":"S. Szopa , \u201cShort-lived climate forcers\u201d in Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, V. Masson-Delmotte , Eds. (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, 2021), pp. 817\u2013922."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-08357-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jgrd.50587"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_61_2","volume-title":"The Chemistry of the Atmosphere and Oceans","author":"Holland H. D.","year":"1978","unstructured":"H. D. Holland, The Chemistry of the Atmosphere and Oceans (Wiley, 1978)."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-7037(78)90268-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-015-8965-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_64_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2005GL025629"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_65_2","unstructured":"U. A. Jongebloed Sulfur isotopes of sulfate measurements from a Greenland ice core (1850-2006). Arctic Data Center (2023) 10.18739\/A26T0GX7K."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_66_2","unstructured":"U. A. Jongebloed Methanesulfonic acid measurements from a Greenland ice core (1850-2006). Arctic Data Center (2023) 10.18739\/A2WW7717K."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_67_2","unstructured":"U. A. Jongebloed Sulfur isotopes of sulfate measurements from a Greenland ice core (1200-1850) and volcanic gas measurements from various volcanoes and hot springs in Iceland. 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