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Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    The immune system is a complex network of cells with critical functions in health and disease. However, a comprehensive census of the cells comprising the immune system is lacking. Here, we estimated the abundance of the primary immune cell types throughout all tissues in the human body. We conducted a literature survey and integrated data from multiplexed imaging and methylome-based deconvolution. We also considered cellular mass to determine the distribution of immune cells in terms of both number and total mass. Our results indicate that the immune system of a reference 73 kg man consists of 1.8 \u00d7 10\n                    <jats:sup>12<\/jats:sup>\n                    cells (95% CI 1.5\u20132.3 \u00d7 10\n                    <jats:sup>12<\/jats:sup>\n                    ), weighing 1.2 kg (95% CI 0.8\u20131.9). Lymphocytes constitute 40% of the total number of immune cells and 15% of the mass and are mainly located in the lymph nodes and spleen. Neutrophils account for similar proportions of both the number and total mass of immune cells, with most neutrophils residing in the bone marrow. Macrophages, present in most tissues, account for 10% of immune cells but contribute nearly 50% of the total cellular mass due to their large size. The quantification of immune cells within the human body presented here can serve to understand the immune function better and facilitate quantitative modeling of this vital system.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2308511120","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,23]],"date-time":"2023-10-23T15:03:42Z","timestamp":1698073422000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":324,"title":["The total mass, number, and distribution of immune cells in the human body"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"120","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1165-9818","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ron","family":"Sender","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-0610-4482","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yarden","family":"Weiss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoav","family":"Navon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Idan","family":"Milo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5498-7766","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nofar","family":"Azulay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6799-6303","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leeat","family":"Keren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7642-6556","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shai","family":"Fuchs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Endocrine and Diabetes Unit, Edmond and Lily Safra Children\u2019s Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan 52621, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8697-9744","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Danny","family":"Ben-Zvi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem 91120, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8776-4799","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elad","family":"Noor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1641-2299","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ron","family":"Milo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01468720"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","unstructured":"Tabula Sapiens Consortium* The Tabula Sapiens: A multiple-organ single-cell transcriptomic atlas of humans. 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