{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T17:20:09Z","timestamp":1790788809530,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,5]],"date-time":"2024-02-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1707091200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,13]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Most of the nitrogen (N) accessible for life is trapped in dinitrogen (N\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    ), the most stable atmospheric molecule. In order to be metabolized by living organisms, N\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    has to be converted into biologically assimilable forms, so-called fixed N. Nowadays, nearly all the N-fixation is achieved through biological and anthropogenic processes. However, in early prebiotic environments of the Earth, N-fixation must have occurred via natural abiotic processes. One of the most invoked processes is electrical discharges, including from thunderstorms and lightning associated with volcanic eruptions. Despite the frequent occurrence of volcanic lightning during explosive eruptions and convincing laboratory experimentation, no evidence of substantial N-fixation has been found in any geological archive. Here, we report on the discovery of a significant amount of nitrate in volcanic deposits from Neogene caldera-forming eruptions, which are well correlated with the concentrations of species directly emitted by volcanoes (sulfur, chlorine). The multi-isotopic composition (\u03b4\n                    <jats:sup>18<\/jats:sup>\n                    O, \u0394\n                    <jats:sup>17<\/jats:sup>\n                    O) of the nitrates reveals that they originate from the atmospheric oxidation of nitrogen oxides formed by volcanic lightning. According to these first geological volcanic nitrate archive, we estimate that, on average, about 60 Tg of N can be fixed during a large explosive event. Our findings hint at a unique role potentially played by subaerial explosive eruptions in supplying essential ingredients for the emergence of life on Earth.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2309131121","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,5]],"date-time":"2024-02-05T15:09:16Z","timestamp":1707145756000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Geological evidence of extensive N-fixation by volcanic lightning during very large explosive eruptions"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"121","author":[{"given":"Adeline","family":"Aroskay","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut des Sciences de la Terre de Paris (ISTeP - UMR7193), Sorbonne Universit\u00e9, Paris 75005, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erwan","family":"Martin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut des Sciences de la Terre de Paris (ISTeP - UMR7193), Sorbonne Universit\u00e9, Paris 75005, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5538-0800","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Slimane","family":"Bekki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire Atmosph\u00e8re, Obsevation spaticale (LATMOS - UMR 8190), Sorbonne Uiversit\u00e9, Universit\u00e9 de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Paris 75005, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0988-2578","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jean-Luc","family":"Le Pennec","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geo-Ocean, University of Brest, CNRS, Ifremer, UMR6538, Institut de Recherche pour le D\u00e9veloppement (IRD), Institut Universitaire Europ\u00e9en de la Mer, Plouzan\u00e9 29280, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6708-9623","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00ebl","family":"Savarino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut des G\u00e9iosciences et de l\u2019Environnement (IGE - UMR 5001), Universit\u00e9 de Grenoble, Saint Martin d\u2019H\u00e8res 38400, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8051-4065","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abidin","family":"Temel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geological Engineering, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Beytepe 06800, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4063-1184","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nelida","family":"Manrique","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Geol\u00f3gico Minero y Metal\u00fargico, Arequipa, Yanahuara 04013, Peru"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3025-3688","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rigoberto","family":"Aguilar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Geol\u00f3gico Minero y Metal\u00fargico, Arequipa, Yanahuara 04013, Peru"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4339-9296","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"Rivera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Geof\u00edsico del Per\u00fa Observatorio Vulcanol\u00f3gico del Sur, Arequipa, Sachaca 04013, Peru"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Herv\u00e9","family":"Guillou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l\u2019Environnement (LSCE - UMR8212), Universit\u00e9 Paris-Saclay, Gif sur Yvette 91491, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1426-1159","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"H\u00e9l\u00e8ne","family":"Balcone-Boissard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut des Sciences de la Terre de Paris (ISTeP - UMR7193), Sorbonne Universit\u00e9, Paris 75005, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oc\u00e9ane","family":"Phelip","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut des Sciences de la Terre de Paris (ISTeP - UMR7193), Sorbonne Universit\u00e9, Paris 75005, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sophie","family":"Szopa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l\u2019Environnement (LSCE - UMR8212), Universit\u00e9 Paris-Saclay, Gif sur Yvette 91491, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"P. 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