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To further investigate how the prevailing cytokine environment influences the development of the egg-induced immunopathology, we immunized the low-pathology BL\/6 mice with SEA in complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) once before, and once again during, the course of a 7-week infection. This immunization caused a pronounced Th1 shift in the SEA-specific CD4 T cell response, which was detected in the mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs) and spleens, as well as in the granulomatous lesions themselves. The immunized mice displayed a dramatic enhancement of hepatic egg-induced immunopathology manifested by a marked increase in granuloma size and parenchymal inflammation, leading to early death. Control mice immunized with equivalent amounts of SEA or CFA alone displayed the smaller hepatic lesions in a Th2-dominant environment typically seen in the unimmunized BL\/6 mice. Analysis of granuloma and MLN lymphocytes from the SEA\/CFA-immunized mice revealed that the proportion of CD4 T cells was unchanged in comparison with the control BL\/6 groups and remained significantly lower than that seen in the normally high-pathology CBA strain. These results suggest that the shift toward Th1-type cytokine production by a numerically stable population of CD4 T cells correlates with severe exacerbation of immunopathology in schistosomiasis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.231258498","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,26]],"date-time":"2002-07-26T10:31:44Z","timestamp":1027679504000},"page":"13243-13248","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":66,"title":["Th1-polarizing immunization with egg antigens correlates with severe exacerbation of immunopathology and death in schistosome infection"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"98","author":[{"given":"Laura I.","family":"Rutitzky","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Tufts University School of Medicine, 136 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA 02111"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hector 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