{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T19:21:11Z","timestamp":1791919271758,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"45","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,30]],"date-time":"2023-10-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1698624000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012025","name":"New York University Abu Dhabi","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["N\/A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N\/A"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012025","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012025","name":"New York University Abu Dhabi","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CG011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CG011"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012025","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Synchrotron-light for Experimental Science and Applications in the Middle East","award":["20220142"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20220142"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Plants and animals that thrive in arid regions utilize the diurnal changes in environmental temperature and humidity to optimize their water budget by combining water-harvesting mechanisms and morphophysiological traits. The Athel tamarisk (\n                    <jats:italic>Tamarix aphylla<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) is a halophytic desert shrub that survives in arid, hypersaline conditions by excreting concentrated solutions of ions as droplets on its surface that crystallize into salt crystals and fall off the branches. Here, we describe the crystallization on the surface of the plant and explore the effects of external conditions such as diurnal changes in humidity and temperature. The salt mixtures contain at least ten common minerals, with NaCl and CaSO\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    \u00b72H\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    O being the major products, SiO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    and CaCO\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    main sand contaminants, and Li\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    SO\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    , CaSO\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    , KCl, K\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    Ca(SO\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    )\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    \u00b7H\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    O, CaMg(CO\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    )\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    and AlNaSi\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    O\n                    <jats:sub>8<\/jats:sub>\n                    present in smaller amounts. In natural conditions, the hanging or sitting droplets remain firmly attached to the surface, with an average adhesion force of 275 \u00b1 3.5 \u00b5N measured for pure water. Rather than using morphological features of the surface, the droplets adhere by chemical interactions, predominantly by hydrogen bonding. Increasing ion concentration slightly increases the contact angle on the hydrophobic cuticle, thereby lowering surface wettability. Small amounts of lithium sulfate and possibly other hygroscopic salts result in strong hygroscopicity and propensity for deliquescence of the salt mixture overnight. Within a broader context, this natural mechanism for humidity harvesting that uses environmentally benign salts as moisture adsorbents could provide a bioinspired approach that complements the currently available water collection or cloud-seeding technologies.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2313134120","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,30]],"date-time":"2023-10-30T15:09:20Z","timestamp":1698678560000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Harvesting of aerial humidity with natural hygroscopic salt excretions"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"120","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9642-6740","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marieh B.","family":"Al-Handawi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Smart Materials Lab, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4507-5201","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patrick","family":"Commins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Smart Materials Lab, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert E.","family":"Dinnebier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Stuttgart 70569, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mahmoud","family":"Abdellatief","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SESAME Synchrotron, As-Salt 19252, Jordan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Smart Materials Lab, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates"},{"name":"Department of Sciences and Engineering, Sorbonne University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2416-6569","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pan\u010de","family":"Naumov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Smart Materials Lab, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates"},{"name":"Center for Smart Engineering Materials, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates"},{"name":"Research Center for Environment and Materials, Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts, MK-1000 Skopje, Macedonia"},{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Molecular Design Institute, New York University, New York, NY 10003"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_1_2","volume-title":"Progress on Sanitation and Drinking Water: 2015 Update and MDG Assessment","author":"UNICEF","year":"2015","unstructured":"UNICEF, Progress on Sanitation and Drinking Water: 2015 Update and MDG Assessment (World Health Organization, 2015)."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","author":"UNCCD","year":"2014","unstructured":"UNCCD, Desertification: The Invisible Frontline (United Nations Conventions to Combat Desertification, 2014).","journal-title":"Desertification: The Invisible Frontline"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/nph.12248"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2000-9163"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40333-015-0018-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2011.0847"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nplants.2016.76"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C4RA06661H"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2016.00977"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-3054.1991.tb00127.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1534\/genetics.107.082164"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_12_2","first-page":"406","article-title":"Making plants break a sweat: The structure, function, and evolution of plant salt glands","volume":"8","author":"Dassanayake M.","year":"2017","unstructured":"M. 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