{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T23:29:02Z","timestamp":1793316542695,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"43","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,16]],"date-time":"2023-10-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1697414400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000192","name":"DOC | National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["none"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["none"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000192","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000104","name":"National Aeronautics and Space Administration","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["80NSSC19K1058"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["80NSSC19K1058"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000104","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000270","name":"UK Natural Environment Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["NE\/R011222\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NE\/R011222\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000270","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,24]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Large increases in the number of low earth orbit satellites are projected in the coming decades [L. Schulz, K.-H. Glassmeier,\n                    <jats:italic>Adv. Space Res.<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:bold>67<\/jats:bold>\n                    , 1002\u20131025 (2021)] with perhaps 50,000 additional satellites in orbit by 2030 [GAO, Large constellations of satellites: Mitigating environmental and other effects (2022)]. When spent rocket bodies and defunct satellites reenter the atmosphere, they produce metal vapors that condense into aerosol particles that descend into the stratosphere. So far, models of spacecraft reentry have focused on understanding the hazard presented by objects that survive to the surface rather than on the fate of the metals that vaporize. Here, we show that metals that vaporized during spacecraft reentries can be clearly measured in stratospheric sulfuric acid particles. Over 20 elements from reentry were detected and were present in ratios consistent with alloys used in spacecraft. The mass of lithium, aluminum, copper, and lead from the reentry of spacecraft was found to exceed the cosmic dust influx of those metals. About 10% of stratospheric sulfuric acid particles larger than 120 nm in diameter contain aluminum and other elements from spacecraft reentry. Planned increases in the number of low earth orbit satellites within the next few decades could cause up to half of stratospheric sulfuric acid particles to contain metals from reentry. The influence of this level of metallic content on the properties of stratospheric aerosol is unknown.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2313374120","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,16]],"date-time":"2023-10-16T15:13:23Z","timestamp":1697469203000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":114,"title":["Metals from spacecraft reentry in stratospheric aerosol particles"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"120","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8091-7235","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel M.","family":"Murphy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Chemical Sciences Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Boulder, CO 80305"},{"name":"Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1417-8937","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maya","family":"Abou-Ghanem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chemical Sciences Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Boulder, CO 80305"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1851-8740","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel J.","family":"Cziczo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0797-6028","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karl D.","family":"Froyd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chemical Sciences Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Boulder, CO 80305"},{"name":"Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Justin","family":"Jacquot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0421-6629","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael J.","family":"Lawler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chemical Sciences Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Boulder, CO 80305"},{"name":"Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher","family":"Maloney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chemical Sciences Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Boulder, CO 80305"},{"name":"Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3648-6893","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John M. C.","family":"Plane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Leeds LS29JT, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin N.","family":"Ross","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Aerospace Corporation, El Segundo, CA 90245"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4084-0317","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gregory P.","family":"Schill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chemical Sciences Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Boulder, CO 80305"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoli","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/2015RG000511"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.282.5394.1664"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1057737"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-5-3053-2005"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/qj.2213"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-16-8405-2016"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1980)037<1342:SADPOM>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.icarus.2019.113395"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-21-8915-2021"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/97JA00384"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_11_2","unstructured":"K. Jackiewicz \u2018To boldly go where no man has gone before\u2026\u2019 the alloy that has made space travel possible Lipmann Walton & Co Ltd (2021). https:\/\/www.lipmann.co.uk\/post\/to-boldly-go-where-no-man-has-gone-before-the-alloy-that-has-made-space-travel-possible. Accessed 31 August 2023."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-24440-8_9"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asr.2020.10.036"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2514\/1.A35258"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2002GL015991"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"O. Schmid Size-resolved particle emission indices in the stratospheric plume of an Athena II rocket. J. Geophys. Res. 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Bardeen O. B. Toon E. J. Jensen D. R. Marsh V. L. Harvey Numerical simulations of the three-dimensional distribution of meteoric dust in the mesosphere and upper stratosphere. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 10.1029\/2007JD009515 (2008).","DOI":"10.1029\/2007JD009515"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_34_2","unstructured":"D. M. Murphy M. Abou-Ghanem M. J. Lawler G. P. Schill PALMS 2023 SABRE data. CSL data archive. https:\/\/csl.noaa.gov\/projects\/sabre\/data.html; https:\/\/csl.noaa.gov\/groups\/csl7\/datasets\/data\/palms\/. 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