{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T16:55:44Z","timestamp":1791824144958,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,12]],"date-time":"2024-02-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1707696000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AWD0002282-1937966"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AWD0002282-1937966"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AWD01-00002282"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AWD01-00002282"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"HHS | National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["COBRE P20GM130459"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["COBRE P20GM130459"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000968","name":"American Heart Association","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Career Development Award 942098"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Career Development Award 942098"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000968","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"MOST | National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2018YFA0703000"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018YFA0703000"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"MOST | National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["52175289"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52175289"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Liaoning Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2022-YGJC-27"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022-YGJC-27"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["OIA-2229004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OIA-2229004"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,27]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Creating tissue and organ equivalents with intricate architectures and multiscale functional feature sizes is the first step toward the reconstruction of transplantable human tissues and organs. Existing embedded ink writing approaches are limited by achievable feature sizes ranging from hundreds of microns to tens of millimeters, which hinders their ability to accurately duplicate structures found in various human tissues and organs. In this study, a multiscale embedded printing (MSEP) strategy is developed, in which a stimuli-responsive yield-stress fluid is applied to facilitate the printing process. A dynamic layer height control method is developed to print the cornea with a smooth surface on the order of microns, which can effectively overcome the layered morphology in conventional extrusion-based three-dimensional bioprinting methods. Since the support bath is sensitive to temperature change, it can be easily removed after printing by tuning the ambient temperature, which facilitates the fabrication of human eyeballs with optic nerves and aortic heart valves with overhanging leaflets on the order of a few millimeters. The thermosensitivity of the support bath also enables the reconstruction of the full-scale human heart on the order of tens of centimeters by on-demand adding support bath materials during printing. The proposed MSEP demonstrates broader printable functional feature sizes ranging from microns to centimeters, providing a viable and reliable technical solution for tissue and organ printing in the future.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2313464121","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,12]],"date-time":"2024-02-12T15:05:39Z","timestamp":1707750339000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Multiscale embedded printing of engineered human tissue and organ equivalents"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"121","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6398-1606","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cheng","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of High-Performance Precision Manufacturing, School of Mechanical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5083-712X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Weijian","family":"Hua","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kellen","family":"Mitchell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lily","family":"Raymond","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fatemeh","family":"Delzendehrooy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Industrial and Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lai","family":"Wen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Center for Molecular and Cellular Signaling in the Cardiovascular System, School of Medicine, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8358-8417","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Changwoo","family":"Do","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neutron Scattering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831-6475"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jihua","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37830"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ying","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-5054-392X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabe","family":"Linke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Three-Dimensional Advanced Visualization Laboratory, Department of Pediatric Radiology, Children\u2019s Hospital &amp; Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68114"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhengyi","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mena Asha","family":"Krishnan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mary &amp; Dick Holland Regenerative Medicine Program, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mitchell","family":"Kuss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mary &amp; Dick Holland Regenerative Medicine Program, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ryan","family":"Coulter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erick","family":"Bandala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yiliang","family":"Liao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Industrial and Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5647-3793","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bin","family":"Duan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mary &amp; Dick Holland Regenerative Medicine Program, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Danyang","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of High-Performance Precision Manufacturing, School of Mechanical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4284-6584","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guangrui","family":"Chai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4336-1802","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yifei","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bprint.2020.e00113"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering8070099"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2017.05.144"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202003915"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-019-02411-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering10030287"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D0MH00813C"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsbiomaterials.9b00676"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/gels7030144"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.201900344"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2015.00043"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2016.06.012"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bprint.2019.e00060"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4051010"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1758-5090\/8\/2\/025016"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.slast.2023.02.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matdes.2023.111737"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2472630317742071"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201904845"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.2c12585"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.11-9267"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0252449"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3988\/jcn.2018.14.3.345"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2014.11.039"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15171\/jcvtr.2016.25"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.1500758"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsbiomaterials.0c01133"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aav9051"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtchem.2018.11.009"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.9b07353"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0194890"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.1500655"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsbiomaterials.6b00170"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.0c15078"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D2BM00632D"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.7b02398"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1758-5090\/ab33e8"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aaw2459"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.1602800"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-77146-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C9MH00375D"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.9b15451"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2019.03.036"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-61606-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.2c12465"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ma00093a016"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/app.30586"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/la050680p"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.langmuir.9b01987"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.7b18394"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_51_2","first-page":"040007-1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Conference of the American Physical Society Topical Group on Shock Compression of Condensed Matter","author":"Kosta T.","year":"2020","unstructured":"T. Kosta, T. R. Krawietz, J. O. Mares Jr., \u201cSylgard 184 mixture and natural aging study via quasi-static compressive modulus\u201d in Proceedings of the Conference of the American Physical Society Topical Group on Shock Compression of Condensed Matter, J. M. D. Lane, T. C. Germann, M. R. Armstrong, R. Wixom, D. Damm, J. Zaug, Eds. (AIP Publishing, Portland, OR, 2020), pp. 040007-1\u2013040007-5."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/la035268t"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.36.1754"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.41.3854"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2019.115277"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2019.09.125"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1758-5082\/4\/3\/035005"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41578-019-0169-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2012.09.010"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10965-014-0601-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2010.03.026"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.7b03613"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2013.04.050"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_64_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2015.01.047"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_65_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bprint.2021.e00189"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_66_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmecsci.2018.01.029"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_67_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-3659(03)00303-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_68_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.a.34420"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_69_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2013.12.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_70_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1758-5090\/aceffb"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_71_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s42242-022-00222-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_72_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bprint.2020.e00093"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_73_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/btpr.679"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_74_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1115\/1.2789725"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_75_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matdes.2019.107708"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_76_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s42242-023-00253-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_77_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsabm.8b00665"}],"container-title":["Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1073\/pnas.2313464121","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,12]],"date-time":"2024-02-12T15:06:04Z","timestamp":1707750364000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/10.1073\/pnas.2313464121"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,12]]},"references-count":77,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,27]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1073\/pnas.2313464121"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.2313464121","relation":{},"ISSN":["0027-8424","1091-6490"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0027-8424","type":"print"},{"value":"1091-6490","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2023-08-10","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-01-09","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-02-12","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e2313464121"}}