{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T15:48:52Z","timestamp":1790696932566,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,12]],"date-time":"2024-03-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1710201600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"NextGEMS","award":["01003470"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["01003470"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,19]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The debate on the sign of the soil moisture\u2013precipitation feedback remains open. On the one hand, studies using global coarse-resolution climate models have found strong positive feedback. However, such models cannot represent convection explicitly. On the other hand, studies using km-scale regional climate models and explicit convection have reported negative feedback. Yet, the large-scale circulation is prescribed in such models. This study revisits the soil moisture\u2013precipitation feedback using global, coupled simulations conducted for 1 y with explicit convection and compares the results to coarse-resolution simulations with parameterized convection. We find significant differences in a majority of points with feedback that is weaker and dominantly negative with explicit convection. The model with explicit convection is more often in a wet regime and prefers the triggering of convection over dry soil in the presence of soil moisture heterogeneity, in contrast to the coarse-resolution model. Further analysis indicates that the feedback not only between soil moisture and evapotranspiration but also between evapotranspiration and precipitation is weaker, in better agreement with observations. Our findings suggest that coarse-resolution models may not be well suited to study aspects of climate change over land such as changes in droughts and heatwaves.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2314265121","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,12]],"date-time":"2024-03-12T13:46:23Z","timestamp":1710251183000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["Weaker land\u2013atmosphere coupling in global storm-resolving simulation"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"121","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6459-9284","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Junhong","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, Hamburg 20146, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7478-6275","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cathy","family":"Hohenegger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, Hamburg 20146, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_1_2","volume-title":"Sketches of the Physical Geography and Geology of Nebraska","author":"Aughey S.","year":"1880","unstructured":"S. Aughey, Sketches of the Physical Geography and Geology of Nebraska (Daily Republican Book and Job Office, 1880)."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","first-page":"142","article-title":"The relation between surface evaporation from lakes and ponds to precipitation from local thunderstorms in the drought area","volume":"16","author":"Jensen J. C.","year":"1935","unstructured":"J. C. Jensen, The relation between surface evaporation from lakes and ponds to precipitation from local thunderstorms in the drought area. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 16, 142\u2013145 (1935).","journal-title":"Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","unstructured":"B. Holzman \u201cSources of moisture for precipitation in the United States\u201d (Tech. Rep. 1937)."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/TR024i002p00753"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0442(1993)006<1077:EOCPR>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0442(1999)012<1368:AMRROA>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0493(1994)122<2709:DEORHA>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/1525-7541(2003)004<0552:ACOSML>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/1525-7541(2004)005<0086:IOSMOB>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_10_2","first-page":"D16102","article-title":"Direct and indirect effects of atmospheric conditions and soil moisture on surface energy partitioning revealed by a prolonged drought at a temperate forest site","volume":"111","author":"Lianhong G.","year":"2006","unstructured":"G. Lianhong , Direct and indirect effects of atmospheric conditions and soil moisture on surface energy partitioning revealed by a prolonged drought at a temperate forest site. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 111, D16102 (2006).","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/2015WR017286"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/2015GL067262"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/BAMS-D-17-0001.1"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11377"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/2015GL064030"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/rs10060969"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/MWR-D-21-0140.1"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1100217"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/JHM511.1"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/JHM510.1"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2011GL048268"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2012GL053038"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0442(1989)002<1362:SMATPO>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/JCLI4288.1"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/2015GL066222"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1605516113"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/2009JCLI2604.1"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_28_2","first-page":"5303","article-title":"The continental-scale soil moisture\u2013precipitation feedback in Europe with parameterized and explicit convection","volume":"34","author":"Leutwyler D.","year":"2021","unstructured":"D. Leutwyler, A. Imamovic, C. Sch\u00e4r, The continental-scale soil moisture\u2013precipitation feedback in Europe with parameterized and explicit convection. J. Clim. 34, 5303\u20135320 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/2016MS000689"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/2013GL058511"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/hess-22-3197-2018"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/qj.3415"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/qj.4371"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/qj.2062"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hyp.14332"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2021AV000636"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/JCLI3856.1"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/2014GL060973"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/2015JD023975"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/gmd-16-779-2023"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2022GL101796"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2021MS002813"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/JHM-D-15-0032.1"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_44_2","unstructured":"M. I. Budyko The Heat Balance of the Earth\u2019s Surface (English translation by US Department of Commerce Weather Bureau 1956)."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_45_2","volume-title":"Climate and Life","author":"Budyko M. I.","year":"1974","unstructured":"M. I. Budyko, D. H. Miller, Climate and Life (Academic Press, New York, NY, 1974)."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/2014RG000475"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms7443"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/2014GL060493"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41597-020-0534-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/JHM-D-15-0196.1"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_51_2","unstructured":"S. Lorenz MPI-M ICON-ESM-LR model output prepared for CMIP6 CMIP 1pctCO2. Earth System Grid Federation (2021). https:\/\/www.wdc-climate.de\/ui\/cmip6?input=CMIP6.CMIP.MPI-M.ICON-ESM-LR.1pctCO2. Accessed 1 February 2022."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_52_2","unstructured":"C. H. Reick . JSBACH3\u2014The land component of the MPI earth system model: Documentation of version 3.2. Berichte zur Erdsystemforschung 240 10.17617\/2.3279802 (2021)."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J. Lee C. Hohenegger The key analysis codes for land-atmosphere coupling in global storm-resolving simulation. GitHub. https:\/\/github.com\/junhonglee89\/PNAS_land-atm_coupling_in_global_SRM. Deposited 31 July 2023.","DOI":"10.5194\/egusphere-egu24-6099"}],"container-title":["Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1073\/pnas.2314265121","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,4]],"date-time":"2024-09-04T20:42:19Z","timestamp":1725482539000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/10.1073\/pnas.2314265121"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,12]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,19]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1073\/pnas.2314265121"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.2314265121","relation":{},"ISSN":["0027-8424","1091-6490"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0027-8424","type":"print"},{"value":"1091-6490","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2023-08-18","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-01-29","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-03-12","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e2314265121"}}