{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T16:20:13Z","timestamp":1781108413616,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"26","content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2001,12,18]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Transgenic mice expressing MyrAkt from a proximal Lck promoter\n construct develop thymomas at an early age, whereas transgenic\n mice expressing constitutively active Lck-AktE40K develop\n primarily tumors of the peripheral lymphoid organs later in life. The\n thymus of 6- to 8-week-old MyrAkt transgenic mice is normal in size but\n contains fewer, larger cells than the thymus of nontransgenic control\n and AktE40K transgenic mice. Earlier studies had shown that cell size\n and cell cycle are coordinately regulated. On the basis of this\n finding, and our observations that the oncogenic potential of\n Akt correlates with its effect on cell size, we hypothesized that\n mechanisms aimed at maintaining the size of the thymus dissociate cell\n size and cell cycle regulation by blocking MyrAkt-promoted\n G\n                    <jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>\n                    progression and that failure of these mechanisms may\n promote cell proliferation resulting in an enlarged neoplastic thymus.\n To address this hypothesis, we examined the cell cycle distribution of\n freshly isolated and cultured thymocytes from transgenic and\n nontransgenic control mice. The results showed that although neither\n transgene alters cell cycle distribution\n                    <jats:italic>in situ<\/jats:italic>\n                    , the\n MyrAkt transgene promotes G\n                    <jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>\n                    progression in culture.\n Freshly isolated MyrAkt thymocytes express high levels of cyclins D2\n and E and cdk4 but lower than normal levels of cyclin D3 and cdk2.\n Cultured thymocytes from MyrAkt transgenic mice, on the other hand,\n express high levels of cyclin D3, suggesting that the hypothesized\n organ size control mechanisms may down-regulate the expression of this\n molecule. Primary tumor cells, similar to MyrAkt thymocytes in culture,\n express high levels of cyclin D3. These findings support the hypothesis\n that tumor induction is caused by the failure of organ size\n control mechanisms to down-regulate cyclin D3 and to block\n MyrAkt-promoted G\n                    <jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>\n                    progression.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.231467698","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,26]],"date-time":"2002-07-26T10:36:44Z","timestamp":1027679804000},"page":"14967-14972","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":71,"title":["Tumor induction by an Lck-MyrAkt transgene is delayed by mechanisms controlling the size of the thymus"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"98","author":[{"given":"Scott","family":"Malstrom","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Kimmel Cancer Center, Department of Microbiology and Immunology,\r Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107;\r Department of Human Biology and Genetics, Sealy Center\r for Cancer Cell Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston,\r TX 77555; and Fox Chase Cancer Center,\r Philadelphia, PA 19111"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Esmerina","family":"Tili","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kimmel Cancer Center, Department of Microbiology and Immunology,\r Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107;\r Department of Human Biology and Genetics, Sealy Center\r for Cancer Cell Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston,\r TX 77555; and Fox Chase Cancer Center,\r Philadelphia, PA 19111"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dietmar","family":"Kappes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kimmel Cancer Center, Department of Microbiology and Immunology,\r Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107;\r Department of Human Biology and Genetics, Sealy Center\r for Cancer Cell Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston,\r TX 77555; and Fox Chase Cancer Center,\r Philadelphia, PA 19111"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey D.","family":"Ceci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kimmel Cancer Center, Department of Microbiology and Immunology,\r Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107;\r Department of Human Biology and Genetics, Sealy Center\r for Cancer Cell Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston,\r TX 77555; and Fox Chase Cancer Center,\r Philadelphia, PA 19111"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philip N.","family":"Tsichlis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kimmel Cancer Center, Department of Microbiology and Immunology,\r Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107;\r Department of Human Biology and Genetics, Sealy Center\r for Cancer Cell Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston,\r TX 77555; and Fox Chase Cancer Center,\r Philadelphia, PA 19111"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2001,12,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.biochem.68.1.965"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0959-437X(00)00123-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0960-9822(98)70436-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/cbir.1997.0187"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-2836(71)90420-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00268085"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.129.1.245"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1460-2075.1995.tb00064.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_2","first-page":"1899","volume":"11","author":"Sheikh M S","year":"1995","unstructured":"M S Sheikh, H Rochefort, M Garcia Oncogene 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