{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T14:42:55Z","timestamp":1781102575384,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,11]],"date-time":"2024-03-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1710115200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000038","name":"Canadian Government | Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RGPIN-2018-06147"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RGPIN-2018-06147"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100020170","name":"Research Nova Scotia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2142"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2142"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100020170","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,19]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Deep sea cold seeps are sites where hydrogen sulfide, methane, and other hydrocarbon-rich fluids vent from the ocean floor. They are an important component of Earth\u2019s carbon cycle in which subsurface hydrocarbons form the energy source for highly diverse benthic micro- and macro-fauna in what is otherwise vast and spartan sea scape. Passive continental margin cold seeps are typically attributed to the migration of hydrocarbons generated from deeply buried source rocks. Many of these seeps occur over salt tectonic provinces, where the movement of salt generates complex fault systems that can enable fluid migration or create seals and traps associated with reservoir formation. The elevated advective heat transport of the salt also produces a chimney effect directly over these structures. Here, we provide geophysical and geochemical evidence that the salt chimney effect in conjunction with diapiric faulting drives a subsurface groundwater circulation system that brings dissolved inorganic carbon, nutrient-rich deep basinal fluids, and potentially overlying seawater onto the crests of deeply buried salt diapirs. The mobilized fluids fuel methanogenic archaea locally enhancing the deep biosphere. The resulting elevated biogenic methane production, alongside the upward heat-driven fluid transport, represents a previously unrecognized mechanism of cold seep formation and regulation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2316878121","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,11]],"date-time":"2024-03-11T15:01:05Z","timestamp":1710169265000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Cold seep formation from salt diapir\u2013controlled deep biosphere oases"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"121","author":[{"given":"Anirban","family":"Chowdhury","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geology, Saint Mary\u2019s University, Halifax, NS B3H 3C3, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gregory T.","family":"Ventura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geology, Saint Mary\u2019s University, Halifax, NS B3H 3C3, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yaisa","family":"Owino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geology, Saint Mary\u2019s University, Halifax, NS B3H 3C3, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ellen J.","family":"Lalk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natasha","family":"MacAdam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nova Scotia Department of Natural Resources and Renewables, Halifax, NS B3J 3J9, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John M.","family":"Dooma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geology, Saint Mary\u2019s University, Halifax, NS B3H 3C3, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1348-9584","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shuhei","family":"Ono","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Fowler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Applied Petroleum Technology (Canada) Ltd., Calgary, AB T3A 2M3, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adam","family":"MacDonald","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nova Scotia Department of Natural Resources and Renewables, Halifax, NS B3J 3J9, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robbie","family":"Bennett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Natural Resources Canada, Geological Survey of Canada-Atlantic, Dartmouth, NS B2Y 4A2, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-4636-814X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"R. Andrew","family":"MacRae","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geology, Saint Mary\u2019s University, Halifax, NS B3H 3C3, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8691-8116","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Casey R. J.","family":"Hubert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geomicrobiology Group, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeremy N.","family":"Bentley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geology, Saint Mary\u2019s University, Halifax, NS B3H 3C3, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-0042-7178","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mitchell J.","family":"Kerr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geology, Saint Mary\u2019s University, Halifax, NS B3H 3C3, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_5_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00531-014-1010-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ismej.2014.217"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/35036572"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1061338"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsr2.2010.06.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511535918"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earscirev.2007.01.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1747-5457.1987.tb00945.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/feart.2021.556329"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-54529-5_27-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earscirev.2003.11.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6941.2008.00566.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-marine-120709-142734"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2016.00941"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_15_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"An investigation of salt tectonic structural styles in the Scotian Basin, offshore Atlantic Canada: 1. Comparison of observations with geometrically simple numerical models","volume":"29","author":"Albertz M.","year":"2010","unstructured":"M. Albertz, C. Beaumont, J. W. Shimeld, S. J. Ings, S. Gradmann, An investigation of salt tectonic structural styles in the Scotian Basin, offshore Atlantic Canada: 1. Comparison of observations with geometrically simple numerical models. Tectonics 29, 1\u201329 (2010).","journal-title":"Tectonics"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-809417-4.00014-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"R. Bennett P.-A. Desiage Expedition report 21 CONDOR: Scotian Slope August 14-29 2021 (Open File 8889 Geological Survey of Canada 2022) 53 p. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4095\/329977. Accessed 23 May 2022.","DOI":"10.4095\/329977"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D. C. Campbell CCGS Hudson Expedition 2016-011 phase 2. Cold seep investigations on the Scotian Slope offshore Nova Scotia June 15-July 6 2016. 88. https:\/\/geoscan.nrcan.gc.ca\/starweb\/geoscan\/servlet.starweb?path=geoscan\/fulle.web&search1=R=313603 (2019). Accessed 5 March 2021.","DOI":"10.4095\/313603"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-19648-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsr.2022.103955"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abn3485"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpetgeo.2011.06.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_23_2","unstructured":"M. Fowler J. Webb H. Olsen F. Ashraf S. Guldbrandsen Geochemistry data report for 2016 Scotian Slope piston coring program. 310 (2017)."},{"key":"e_1_3_5_24_2","unstructured":"M. Fowler J. Webb S. Gulbrandsen L.-K. Austnes F. Ashraf Geochemistry data report for 2018 Scotian Slope coring program (2019)."},{"key":"e_1_3_5_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0009-2541(99)00092-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.orggeochem.2018.09.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaa4326"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1254509"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gca.2015.04.015"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gca.2022.09.034"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abm5713"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/35082535"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaa6882"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature02134"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_35_2","unstructured":"OETRA Play Fairway Analysis Atlas \u2013 Offshore Nova Scotia. Nova Scotia Department of Energy Report. 347 (2011). https:\/\/oera.ca\/research\/play-fairway-analysis-atlas."},{"key":"e_1_3_5_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gca.2022.04.013"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2007GL030557"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.orggeochem.2023.104568"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epsl.2017.04.034"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-08687-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0012-8252(01)00082-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/cjes-2016-0060"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/2378710"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2475\/ajs.238.8.529"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0264-8172(95)93596-V"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-8123.2007.00191.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/gfl.12162"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10040-004-0387-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D. C. Campbell A. Normandeau CCGS Hudson Expedition 2018-041: High-resolution investigation of deep-water seabed seeps and landslides along the Scotian Slope offshore Nova Scotia May 26\u2013June 15 2018. 66. https:\/\/geoscan.nrcan.gc.ca\/starweb\/geoscan\/servlet.starweb?path=geoscan\/fulle.web&search1=R=314695 (2019).","DOI":"10.4095\/314695"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marchem.2009.07.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D. C. Campbell A. MacDonald CCGS Hudson Expedition 2015-018 geological investigation of potential seabed seeps along the Scotian Slope June 25-July 9 2015. 75 (2016).","DOI":"10.4095\/299390"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ac5010579"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.9b03412"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1746492"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jp411134v"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gca.2015.11.040"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsearthspacechem.9b00244"}],"container-title":["Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1073\/pnas.2316878121","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,19]],"date-time":"2024-03-19T08:59:17Z","timestamp":1710838757000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/10.1073\/pnas.2316878121"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,11]]},"references-count":57,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,19]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1073\/pnas.2316878121"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.2316878121","relation":{},"ISSN":["0027-8424","1091-6490"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0027-8424","type":"print"},{"value":"1091-6490","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2023-09-29","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-01-24","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-03-11","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e2316878121"}}